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Charles  Nordhoff. 


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LIBRARY 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

SANTA  BARBARA 


PRESENTED  BY 

FRANCIS  M.  and  ALICE 
DE  FOREST  SEDGWICK 
In  memory  of 

CHARLES  NOYES  DE  FOREST 


ONE-HUNDRKD-AXD-THIKTY-YEAK  OLD    OLIVK-TREE,   SANTA    TuMAS. 


PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA 


SOME   ACCOUNT   OF 

THE    CLIMATE,   SOIL,  PEODUCTIONS,  AND 

PEESENT  CONDITION  CHIEFLY  OF 

THE    NOETHEEN    HALF    OF 

LOWER   CALIFORNIA 


BY 

CHARLES  NORDHOFF 

AUTHOR   OP 

"  CALIFORNIA  :    FOR  HEALTH,  PLEASURE,  AND  RESIDENCE  "  "  GOD  AND  THE  FUTURE  LIFE  " 

"politics  FOR  YOUNG  AMERICANS"  "  CAPE  COD  AND  ALL  ALONG  SHORE" 

"communistic    SOCIETIES    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES"    ETC. 


NEW    YORK 
HARPER    &    BROTHERS,    FRANKLIN    SQUARE 

1888 


Copyright,  1888,  by  Harper  &  Brothers. 
All  rights  reserved. 


SANTA  BARBARA    ' 


F 


nH(. 


PREFACE. 


I  HA  YE  known  the  peninsula  of  Lower  California,  by 
conversation  with  inhabitants  and  with  explorers 
and  those  who  had  grazed  cattle  in  it,  and  by  the  study 
of  reports  upon  it,  for  many  years.  In  1881  I  made  a 
journey  through  the  upper  part  of  it  as  far  as  Todos 
Santos  Bay,  which  abundantly  confirmed  all  the  reports 
I  had  heard  of  its  fitness  for  agriculture,  its  sufficient 
water  supply,  and  fine  chmate. 

In  the  summer  of  1887,  in  the  course  of  a  sea-voyage 
to  La  Paz,  I  stopped  at  Ensenada,  and  found  there  the 
headquarters  of  an  American  company  which  had  ac- 
quired lands  and  the  right  to  sell  them  to  foreign  col- 
onists and  settlers  —  a  privilege  formerly  denied,  but 
granted  under  recent  liberal  laws  of  Mexico.  As  I  had 
for  many  years  desired  to  own  land  in  the  Peninsula, 
being  convinced  of  the  excellence  of  the  country  and  cli- 
mate, I  selected  and  bought  a  small  tract  on  and  near 
the  bay  of  Todos  Santos. 

When  this  little  purchase  of  mine  became  known,  I 
received  numerous  letters  from  acquaintances  and  stran- 
gers in  different  parts  of  the  United  States,  asking  me 
the  grounds  of  my  behef  that  Lower  California  is  a  de- 
sirable region,  and  inquiring  also  about  the  security  of 
land  titles  and  the  character  of  the  laws  and  govern- 
ment.   I  have  concluded  to  pubhsh  what  I  know  about 


6  PREFACE. 

the  Peninsula ;  and  as  before  I  paid  for  my  land  I  made 
a  careful  and  thorough  examination  of  the  International 
Company's  franchises  and  charters,  I  have  added,  at  the 
end  of  my  little  book,  the  results  of  that  examination 
also. 

When  I  pubhshed  my  book  on  California,  sixteen 
years  ago — in  1872 — I  was  generally  believed  to  have 
over-estimated  the  resources  of  that  State.  The  event 
has  shown  that  I  really  under-estimated  them  greatly. 
California,  rich  as  I  beheved  it,  is  far  richer  than  I  re- 
ported it,  as  everybody  now  knows.  My  knowledge  of 
our  own  State  has,  I  think,  enabled  me  to  form  a  just 
estimate  of  the  resources  of  the  peninsula  south  of  it.  It 
is  a  region  as  superficially  known  as  was  the  State  of 
California  when  I  made  my  exploration  of  it  in  1871. 
The  northern  half,  of  which  I  treat  in  this  book,  is  essen- 
tially a  part  of  our  own  southern  California,  and  will,  I 
believe,  some  day  be  found  to  be  as  fruitful  and  as  valua- 
ble as  that. 

The  map  which  accompanies  this  volume  is  made  up 
from  various  sources — old  explorations,  the  recent  sur- 
veys of  the  International  Company,  and,  as  to  the  coasts, 
from  the  careful  surveys  made  during  several  years  by 
United  States  vessels,  the  Banger  chiefly,  under  orders  of 
the  Hydrographic  Office  of  the  Navy  Department.  The 
charts  of  the  Peninsula  and  the  western  coast  of  Mexico, 
made  by  the  Hydrographic  Bureau  from  these  surveys, 
are  very  full  and  accurate,  and,  as  to  the  southern  half 
of  the  Peninsula,  afford  ahnost  all  that  is  actually  known 
of  its  area. 

Chaeles  Noedhoff. 

July,  1888. 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I. 

PAGE 

HISTORICAL  SUMMARY  OF  THE  PENINSULA 11 


CHAPTER  II. 

WHY  THE  PENINSULA  WAS  REPUTED  A  DESERT 21 

CHAPTER  III. 

NATURAL  WEALTH,  CLIMATE,  SOIL,  TIMBER,  WATER,  ETC.    ...     28 

CHAPTER  ly. 

THE  PENINSULA  AND   CALIFORNIA  COMPARED 52 

CHAPTER  V. 

THE  RELATION  OF  SETTLERS  TO  THE   GOVERNMENT.  — SPECIAL 

PRIVILEGES 70 

CHAPTER  YI. 

LAND  TITLES 79 

CHAPTER  VII. 

THE  MEXICAN  GOVERNMENT  AND  THE  COMPANY 93 


8  CONTENTS. 

APPENDIX   A. 

PAGE 

TABLES  OF  TEMPERATURE  AND  RAINFALL .103 

APPENDIX    B. 
THE  TIMBER  REGION  OF  THE  PENINSULA 118 

APPENDIX  C. 

THE  RECENT  GOLD  DISCOVERIES  ON  THE  PENINSULA 124 

APPENDIX    D. 
THE  MEXICAN  TARIFF 127 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PAGE 

ONE -HUNDRED -AND  THIRTY -YEAR -OLD  OLIVE-TREE,  } 
SANTA  TOMAS \ 


Frontispiece 


DON  LUIS  AGUILAR'S  ANCIENT  APRICOT  ORCHARD 15 

HOTEL   ITURBIDE,  ENSENADA 23 

LIVE-OAKS,  LA  GRULLA 29 

AMONG  THE  PINES  IN  THE  MOUNTAINS 39 

FARM-HOUSE  OF  SES^OR  GRANADO,  SANTA  TOMAS 53 

HOME  OF  DON  LUIS  AGUILAR,  SANTA  TOMAS  VALLEY      ....     63 

REAL  DEL  CASTILLO,  SAN  RAFAEL  VALLEY 71 

FIRST  PIER,  SAN  QUINTIN 81 

A  GLIMPSE  OF   ROSARIO   VALLEY 93 

ARCH  ROCK  (FROM  CAVE),  NEAR  MOUTH  OF  ROSARIO  RIVER  .     .  101 
IN  THE  EASTERN  END  OF  BURRO   CAivTON 121 


MAPS. 


PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA.  SHOWING  THE  LIMITS  OF  THE  INTER- 
NATIONAL COMPANY To  face  page    11 

PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA— SOUTHERN  HALF 43 


PKXINSULAn  (J 


SHOWING   TUU   LIMITS  OK  THE    INTERNATIONAL   COMIANV 


PENINSULAR   CALIFORNIA. 


CHAPTER  I. 

HISTORICAL  SUMMARY  OF  THE  PENINSULA. 

rpHE  Peninsula  called  Lower  California  stretches,  as 
-*-  will  be  seen  on  the  map,  from  Cape  St.  Lucas  in  the 
south,  in  latitude  22°  40',  to  the  United  States  boundary, 
in  latitude  32°  40'.  It  was  first  visited  by  Europeans  in 
1533,  a  vessel  under  the  orders  of  Cortez  discovering  and 
entering  a  bay  on  the  Gulf  coast,  supposed  to  have  been 
the  present  La  Paz.  Cortez  himself  visited  the  Peninsula 
in  1533,  anchoring  in  the  bay  of  La  Paz,  where,  one  hun- 
dred and  seventy-five  years  later,  in  1710,  another  famous 
character,  Alexander  Selkirk,  then  sailing-master  of  the 
Dover,  one  of  Woodes  Rogers's  fleet,  also  lay  to  refit. 
Selkirk  had  been  taken  by  the  Dover  from  the  island  of 
Juan  Fernandez. 

After  Cortez,  a  considerable  number  of  Spanish  expe- 
ditions were  sent  to  the  Peninsula.  Their  misfortune 
was  that  they  landed  on  the  driest,  hottest,  and  most 
stormy  coasts,  those  on  the  Gulf  side,  and  on  the  south- 
ern extension  of  the  long  land-spit.  The  earlier  mission- 
ary efforts  were  made  also  in  this  region;  and  aU  the 


12  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

early  Spanish  efforts  at  colonization  and  the  reduction  of 
the  country  were  induced  mainly  by  the  richness  of  the 
pearl-fisheries  about  La  Paz  and  Ceralbo  Island  on  the 
Gulf  coast.  The  Enghsh  expeditions,  which  landed  at 
various  points  on  the  coast,  were  chiefly  sent  out  to  capt- 
ure Spanish  galleons  coming  towards  Mexico  from  Ma- 
nila, and  later  as  explorers,  for  geographical  purposes. 

Early  in  the  present  century  a  number  of  American 
traders  \asited  the  Peninsula,  drawn  thither  by  reports  of 
the  great  abundance  of  fur  seal;  and  several  of  them 
made  extraordinarily  profitable  voyages.  The  fur  seal 
were,  however,  very  soon  driven  away  or  exterminated, 
and  they  are  now  very  rare  on  the  coasts  and  islands. 
After  the  settlement  of  Upper  Cahfornia,  American 
whalemen,  for  many  years,  visited  the  bays  and  la- 
goons south  of  latitude  29°,  which  were  frequented  by 
great  numbers  of  whales;  but  these  also  were  either 
exterminated  or  driven  off,  and  that  business  ceased  to 
pay  twenty  years  ago. 

The  reputed  richness  of  the  Peninsula  in  minerals 
caused  many  adventurers,  some  with  capital,  others 
only  prospectors,  to  try  their  fortunes  in  it;  but  with 
few  exceptions  these  also  were  unsuccessful.  Mining 
operations  are  of  late  systematically  prosecuted  at  sev- 
eral points  in  the  extreme  southern  section ;  and  north 
of  La  Paz,  on  the  Gulf  side,  there  are  gold  and  silver 
deposits,  some  until  lately  owned  by  a  rather  notorious 
character,  the  late  Mrs.  E.  Burdell  Cunningham,  which 
have  been  reputed  valuable.  No  great  fortunes  have 
so  far  been  made  in  mining  in  Lower  Cahfornia. 


HISTORICAL   SUMMARY   OF   THE  PENINSULA.  13 

Eecently,  however,  under  the  stimukis  of  rapid  de- 
velopment and  settlement,  there  have  been  important 
mineral  discoveries  in  the  northern  part  of  the  penin- 
sula, gold  being  found  in  paying  quantities  over  a  con- 
siderable area  whose  southern  limit  is  within  a  hundred 
miles  of  the  United  States  boundary  line.  Reports  on 
these  new  mining  discoveries,  which  have  recently  ap- 
peared in  an  excellent  journal.  The  Loiver  Californian^ 
published  at  Ensenada,  and  in  California  newspapers, 
will  be  found  in  an  appendix. 

On  the  Gulf  coast  there  are  large  deposits  of  sulphur, 
owned  by  the  International  Company  of  Mexico,  and 
for  the  working  of  which  preparations  are  makmg.  In 
the  Gulf,  north  of  La  Paz,  hes  also  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  accessible  salt  deposits  known  in  the  world 
— on  Carmen  Island.  This  is  managed  by  Mr.  James 
Viosca,  of  La  Paz,  an  American,  and  United  States  Con- 
sul at  that  place.  On  the  Pacific  coast  at  San  Quintin, 
the  International  Company  own  a  salt  deposit  as  rich 
as  that  of  Carmen  Island,  which  will  soon  be  developed. 
With  the  rapid  increase  of  mining  operations  in  the 
western  states  of  Mexico,  both  the  sulphur  and  salt  de- 
posits will  prove  very  valuable. 

The  following  list  of  the  missions  of  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, compiled  by  Taylor,  shows  that  the  Jesuits,  who 
began  the  Christianization  of  the  Peninsula,  adhered  to 
the  earlier  mistake,  in  confining  their  attempts  to  the 
southern  half  and  to  the  Gulf  side.  They  thus  attacked 
that  part  only  which  is  of  least  value,  except  for  pearls 
and  mines. 


14  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

"1.  The  Mission  of  Nuestra  Senora  de  Loreto,  found- 
ed by  Father  Jose  Marie  Salvatierra,  October,  1697,  in 
latitude  29°  30',  on  the  Gulf  side. 

"2.  Dolores  del  Sur,  by  Father  Salvatierra,  January, 
1699,  in  latitude  24°  30',  on  the  Gulf  side. 

"  3.  San  Francisco  de  Vigge,  by  Father  Francisco  M. 
Piccoh,  March,  1699,  in  latitude  25°  30',  in  the  interior, 
towards  the  Gulf. 

"4.  Santa  Kosalia  de  Moliege,  by  Father  Juan  M. 
Basualda,  in  1705,  in  latitude  26°  50',  on  the  Gulf  side. 

"  5.  San  Jose  Commander,  by  Father  Juhan  de  May- 
orga,  in  1708,  in  latitude  26°,  on  the  Gulf  side. 

"6.  La  Purisima  Concepcion,  by  Father  Nicolas  Tam- 
aral,  in  1718,  in  latitude  26°,  in  the  interior. 

"  7.  Nuestra  Senora  de  Guadalupe,  by  Father  Juan 
Ugarte  and  Everhard  Helen,  in  1721,  in  latitude  27°,  on 
the  Pacific. 

"  8.  San  Ignacio  de  Kadakman,  by  Father  Juan  B. 
Layando,  in  1728,  in  latitude  28°,  on  the  Pacific. 

"9.  N.  S.  de  Dolores  del  Norte,  in  latitude  29°,  was 
made  as  an  adjunct  to  San  Ignacio,  but  a  few  years 
afterwards  seems  to  have  been  absorbed  into  this  last 
and  abandoned,  as  were  two  or  three  pioneer  founda- 
tions of  the  same  kind,  before  1 740. 

"  10.  San  Jose  del  Cabo,  founded  by  Father  Nicolas 
Tamaral,  in  1730,  in  latitude  23°. 

"11.  Mission  of  Todos  Santos  in  the  South,  founded 
as  an  adjunct  to  San  Jose,  about  the  year  1737,  and 
formerly  called  Santa  Rosa,  in  latitude  23°,  on  the  Pacific. 

"12.  Mission  of  Santa  Gertrudis,  founded  by  Father 


HISTORICAL  SUMMARY  OF  THE  PENINSULA.  17 

Fernando  Consag,  in  1751,  in  latitude  29°,  on  the  Gulf 
side. 

"  13.  Mission  of  San  Francisco  Borja  [pronounced 
Borca],  founded  by  Padre  Winceslao  Link,  in  1762,  in 
latitude  29°,  on  the  Gulf  side. 

"  14.  Mission  of  Santa  Maria,  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
bay  of  Los  Angeles,  on  the  Gulf,  founded  by  Father 
Victoriano  Arnes,  in  1767,  in  latitude  31°." 

Of  these  fourteen  Jesuit  missions  it  will  be  observed 
that  only  three  were  placed  on  or  near  the  Pacific,  and 
none  of  them  north  of  28°.  In  1768  the  Franciscans, 
under  Father  Junipero  Serra,  succeeded  the  Jesuits,  and 
they  fostered  the  already  established  missions,  and 
founded  one  new  one,  that  of — 

"  15.  San  Fernando  Villacatta,  in  1769,  in  latitude  31°, 
in  the  interior." 

The  remaining  seven  Lower  California  missions  were 
founded  by  the  Dominicans ;  and  all  but  one  on  the 
Pacific  side : 

"16.  El  Eosario,  near  the  bay  of  Los  Virgenes,  on  the 
Pacific,  in  1774,  in  latitude  30°  25',  about  fifty  miles  north- 
west from  San  Fernando  Villacatta. 

"  17.  Santo  Domingo,  near  San  Quintin  Bay,  and  twen- 
ty leagues  north  from  Rosario,  in  1775,  in  latitude  30°  52'. 

"18.  San  Vicente  Ferrer,  twenty  leagues  north  from 
San  Domingo,  in  latitude  31°  30'. 

"19.  Santo  Tomas,  near  the  bay  of  Todos  Santos,  the 
next  above  San  Vicente,  in  1790,  in  latitude  31°  52', 
about  forty  miles  above  San  Vicente. 

"  20,  San  Pedro  Martyr,  about  forty  miles  east  of  Santo 


18  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

Tomas,  in  the  mountains,  on  the  28th  day  of  May,  1794, 
by  Father  Cayetano  Pallos,  in  latitude  31°  50'. 

''21.  San  Miguel,  of  the  frontiers,  some  thirty  miles 
south  of  San  Diego,  in  1782,  by  Father  Tomas  Valdellon 
and  Miguel  Lopez,  in  about  latitude  32°  10'. 

"  22.  Santa  Catalina  de  los  Yumas,  about  fifty  miles 
east  from  Santo  Tomas,  in  the  mountains,  by  Father 
Jose  Lorient,  on  the  18th  of  May,  1797,  in  about  latitude 
31°  20'.  Santa  Catalina  was  the  last  mission  founded  in 
Lower  Cahfornia." 

It  appears  that  the  Indians  were  numerous  and  very 
troublesome  for  many  years  m  the  northern  half  of  the 
Peninsula;  and  as  the  mission  fathers  had  no  armed 
force  to  protect  them,  their  progress  northward,  par- 
ticularly on  the  Ocean  side,  was  made  difficult.  The 
topography  of  the  Peninsula,  which  becomes  very 
mountainous  north  of  latitude  29°,  also  impeded  their 
operations.  The  old  roads  then  made  show  that  they 
were  thus  troubled.  In  1790,  when  the  mission  of  Santo 
Tomas  was  founded,  "the  Indians  were  very  trouble- 
some to  manage."  Smce  then  they  have  ahnost  en- 
tirely disappeared  in  the  northern  district.  The  dises- 
tablishment of  the  missions  here,  as  in  Upper  California, 
tended  to  the  speedy  extinction  of  the  race. 

In  1842  the  Mexican  Congress  admitted  two  delegates 
from  the  two  Californias,  on  a  basis  of  somewhat  over 
thirty -three  thousand  population  for  both,  of  which 
twelve  thousand  were  credited  to  Lower,  and  the  remain- 
der to  Upper  California.  During  the  Mexican  War 
United  States  troops  occupied  the  Peninsula,  and  a  con- 


HISTORICAL  SUMMARY  OF  THE  PENINSULA.  19 

siderable  number  of  the  principal  inhabitants,  who  had 
favored  annexation  to  the  United  States,  left  the  terri- 
tory when  the  American  troops  evacuated  it.  When 
gold  was  discovered  in  Upper  California  a  large  migra- 
tion to  the  gold-fields  still  further  emptied  the  northern 
part  of  the  Peninsula. 

In  the  "Geografia  de  la  Eepublica  Mexicana"  of  Mr. 
Antonio  Garcia  Cubas,  pubhshed  in  1874,  the  total  popu- 
lation of  Lower  California  is  given  at  23,195,  of  which 
only  6125  were  credited  to  the  northern  part,  above 
latitude  29°.  In  fact,  it  was  considerably  less  in  1880, 
the  pursuits  of  mining  and  the  pearl-fishery,  and  the 
difficulty  of  getting  away  to  other  countries,  having 
barely  maintained  the  population  of  the  southern  end, 
the  most  populous  part  lying  between  the  latitude  of  La 
Paz  and  Cape  St.  Lucas. 

Politically,  the  Peninsula  is  a  Territory,  not  a  State,  of 
the  Mexican  republic.  It  has  two  capitals,  La  Paz  in  the 
south,  and  Ensenada  in  the  north ;  and  two  governors, 
appointed  by  the  Federal  authority  as  governors  of  Ter- 
ritories are  appointed  with  us.  The  great  length  of  the 
Peninsula,  and  the  difficulty  of  passing  through  this 
length,  has  made  necessary  its  division  into  these  two 
districts.  There  is  no  territorial  legislature ;  the  few 
Government  employes  are  paid  out  of  the  Federal  treas- 
ury, and  with  the  exception  of  customs  duties  there  are 
no  taxes,  except  for  local  unprovements.  There  are, 
therefore,  no  "politics"  in  this  quiet  land.  The  Govern- 
ment requii-es  the  inhabitants  to  obey  the  laws  and  keep 
the  peace,  and  large  powers  are  given  to  the  governors 


20  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

to  maintain  order  and  punish  violence.  At  La  Paz  there 
is  a  small  force  of  troops ;  at  Ensenada  the  Governor  had 
until  recently  under  his  control  a  pohce  force  of  fifteen 
mounted  men,  well  armed  and  active,  who  were  suffi- 
cient for  all  purposes. 

The  rapid  and  considerable  increase  in  population 
around  Todos  Santos  Bay  and  in  other  parts  of  the  terri- 
tory possessed  and  being  settled  by  the  International 
Company  has  led  the  Federal  Government,  for  the  pro- 
tection and  security  of  settlers,  to  make  Ensenada,  the 
capital,  a  full  company  post,  establishing  there  a  picked 
company  of  one  hundred  soldiers,  commanded  by  offi- 
cers carefully  selected  for  their  standing  in  the  military 
school,  which  is  the  West  Point  of  Mexico. 


CHAPTER  II. 
WHY  THE  PENINSULA  WAS  EEPUTED  A  DESERT. 

TTTITH  the  exception  of  New  Guinea,  Lower  Califor- 
'  *  nia  was  until  recently  one  of  the  least  known 
parts  of  the  world.  Very  thinly  inhabited  except  in  the 
extreme  southern  part,  examined  in  its  whole  length  and 
breadth  by  not  more  than  one  or  two  men  capable  of 
making  an  intelligent  report  on  it,  so  mountainous  and 
uninhabited  in  the  northern  half  that — as  I  know  by 
experience  —  travelling  was  extremely  difficult  there 
from  lack  of  supplies  and  good  roads.  Lower  California, 
having  got  the  reputation  of  being  a  desert,  attracted  no 
general  attention  or  even  curiosity.  Mining  prospectors 
examined  parts  of  it  from  time  to  time,  and  failed  to 
find  the  rich  deposits  they  hoped  for.  Land  speculators 
got  grants  of  parts  of  it  from  the  Mexican  Government, 
but  broke  down,  because  they  planted  colonies  only  on 
the  sterile  southern  half.  Until  the  International  Com- 
pany secured  its  grants  in  the  northern  half  of  the  Pen- 
insula this  part  was  avoided  by  speculators  of  all  kinds, 
who  were  attracted  to  the  south  because  there  the  rich- 
est mineral  deposits  were  reported  to  be,  and  there  also 
are  the  broad  plains  which  were  mistakenly  supposed  to 
be  most  capable  of  colonization.    The  mountainous  char- 


22  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

acter  of  the  northern  district  concealed  its  agiicultural 
wealth  from  mere  speculators.  It  required  the  actual 
explorations  and  surveys  made  by  the  International 
Company  to  reveal  the  extent  and  value  of  this  section. 

Thus  the  whole  Peninsula  has  long  been  regarded  as 
a  desert  because  only  its  worst  parts  were  known,  and 
these  even  but  little  known.  It  does  contain  in  the 
middle  and  southern  parts  a  considerable  sterile  area. 
There  are,  according  to  Ross  Browne  and  other  travel- 
lers, extensive  plains  in  the  southern  district,  curiously 
covered  with  rocks  and  loose  stones,  and  really  desert. 
In  other  portions  of  the  southern  half  of  the  Peninsula 
there  are,  again,  broad  plains  having  a  fertile  soil,  and  as 
Eoss  Browne,  its  only  careful  explorer,  reported,  water 
attainable  by  digging  wells.  But  most  of  these  southern 
plains,  which  are  below  the  limits  of  the  International 
Company,  lie  in  the  rainless  zone.  The  water  which 
Ross  Browne  found  everywhere,  even  in  this  arid  region, 
underlying  the  soil  is  of  course  the  drainage  of  the 
mountain  range  which  runs  the  whole  length  of  the 
Peninsula. 

The  various  attempts  at  colonization  have  been,  with 
one  or  two  exceptions,  made  in  the  southern  half  of  the 
Peninsula,  and  their  failure  naturally  gave  the  whole  of 
Lower  California  a  bad  name.  But  even  these  attempts 
failed  mainly  because  they  were,  in  every  case  so  far  as 
I  know,  mere  speculative  adventures,  carried  on  without 
intelligence  and  with  no  purpose  to  establish  agriculture, 
but  either  as  mere  mining  enterprises  or  with  the  de- 
sign to  unload  on  settlers  as  quickly  as  possible.    Ross 


WHY  THE  PENINSULA  WAS  REPUTED  A  DESERT.       25 

Browne,  who  traversed  the  whole  Penmsula  from  Cape 
St.  Lucas  to  the  United  States  boundary,  in  1867,  in  the 
employ  of  the  Lower  California  Company,  one  of  these 
colonization  schemes,  gives  a  vivid  description  of  such  a 
speculative  settlement  which  he  saw  in  that  year : 

"We  struck  inland  a  mile  or  two  below  Santa  Ma- 
ria. Approaching  the  place,  our  eyes  were  gladdened 
by  the  sight  of  two  or  three  very  American  -  looking 
board  houses  and  a  well-cleared  piece  of  road,  broad  and 
smooth  as  a  race-track.  What  was  our  surprise,  on  rid- 
ing up  to  the  house,  to  find  a  couple  of  sign-boards  on 
one  corner,  one  bearing  the  inscription  '  Hyde  Street,'  the 
other  '  Barry  Street !'  Without  knowing  it,  we  had  stum- 
bled on  an  embryo  American  town.  We  were  met  at 
the  door  by  an  elderly  man,  whose  name  we  afterwards 
learned  was  Porter.  He  welcomed  us  cordially,  showed 
us  where  to  put  our  baggage  and  saddles,  directed  the 
men  where  to  find  pasture  for  the  mules,  and  took  us  in, 
treating  us  with  the  greatest  hospitality.  We  remained 
over  the  next  day,  and  learned  that  the  proposed  city  of 
Santa  Maria  was  a  speculation  of  a  Judge  Hyde,  of  San 
Francisco,  based  on  the  problematical  event  of  his  being 
able  to  make  this  the  terminus  of  the  best  road  across 
the  mountains  to  the  Colorado.  A  large  sum  of  money 
had  been  spent  here,  and  all  that  remained  to  show  for 
it  were  two  good  houses  and  one  very  poor  one,  a  few 
hundred  yards  of  useless  road  running  nowhere  over  a 
plain,  a  corral,  and  a  little  vegetable  garden.  The  port  is 
so  small  and  shallow  that  the  little  vessel  of  eight  or  ten 
tons  that  comes  here  occasionally  has  difficulty  in  pass- 


26  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

ing  the  bar ;  the  plain  on  which  the  future  city  is  to  be 
built  is  too  salt  to  admit  of  cultivation,  and  is  subject  to 
overflows  when,  as  last  winter,  it  is  covered  with  half  a 
foot  or  more  of  water ;  firewood  there  is  none,  excejjt  a 
scanty  supply  of  willow,  and  the  general  resources  of 
the  region  are  just  nil.  There  is  excellent  grass  on  the 
plains,  especially  among  the  willows  and  near  the  hills, 
and  the  water,  which  is  very  good,  is  reached  by  wells  of 
from  three  to  twelve  feet  deep." 

Here  were  grass  and  good  water  easily  accessible,  Mr. 
Browne  reports,  but  no  effort  made  at  real  settlement  by 
farmers.  Santa  Maria  City  was  evidently  the  merest 
speculation ;  a  proposed  terminus  for  a  proposed  railroad 
which  never  got  further  than  being  proposed. 

Every  such  failure  has,  of  course,  given  the  whole 
Peninsula  a  black  eye,  although  not  more  than  one  or 
two  even  of  these  futile  attempts,  so  far  as  I  know,  were 
made  in  that  northern  part  which  the  International 
Company  of  Mexico  controls,  and  which  is  now  opened 
to  settlement. 

The  last  of  these  failed  colonizing  attempts  was  that 
of  the  Lower  California  Company,  in  1868-70.  Their 
grant  extended  from  the  latitude  of  La  Paz  in  the 
south  to  San  Quintin  in  the  north,  and  they  chose  for 
their  first  settlement  perhaps  the  least  promising  part  of 
this  great  area — the  section  about  Magdalena  Bay,  a 
large  part  of  which  is  really  sterile.  The  colonists  who 
were  sent  there  by  the  company  were  laborers  with  no 
means,  who  were  told  that  to  collect  orchilla,  a  parasitic 
plant  used  in  dyeing,  would  give  them  a  li\dng.    They 


WHY  THE  PENINSULA  WAS  REPUTED  A  DESERT.     27 

found  it  did  not,  and  some  perished  on  the  spot ;  the  rest 
got  back  to  Upper  Cahfornia,  telhng  truly  that  they  had 
been  misled  into  a  hopeless  enterprise.  The  company 
seem  to  have  been  discouraged  by  this  failure,  and,  so  far 
as  I  know,  made  no  further  efforts.  As  they  did  not  ful- 
fil the  conditions  on  which  they  received  their  large 
grant,  the  Mexican  Government  in  due  time,  and  in  a 
legal  manner,  formally  declared  it  forfeited. 


CHAPTER  III. 
NATURAL  WEALTH,  CLIMATE,  SOIL,  TIMBER,  WATER,  ETC. 

n^HE  grant  of  the  International  Company  begins 
-^  a  little  south  of  the  northern  limit  of  the  extinct 
Lower  California  Company,  and  extends  north  to  the 
United  States  boundary  hne.  It  covers  a  region  almost 
the  whole  of  which  possesses  a  totally  different  charac- 
ter from  that  farther  south.  While  more  mountainous 
than  our  Upper  California,  or  than  the  part  of  the  Penin- 
sula to  the  south,  and  therefore  containing  a  less  propor- 
tion of  arable  lands,  it  has  numerous  valleys,  mesas,  and 
hiU-slopes  as  rich  as  the  best  of  Upper  California,  with, 
as  will  be  found  by  settlers,  as  large  an  average  rainfall 
as  San  Diego  or  San  Bernardino  County,  and  as  large  a 
number,  in  proportion,  of  streams  available  for  irriga- 
tion.* I  do  not  believe  that  irrigation  will  be  more  neces- 
sary in  these  valleys  than  it  is  in  San  Diego,  Los  Angeles, 
and  San  Bernardino  counties.  Grain  crops  are  grown 
as  successfully  without  irrigation  in  the  valleys  of  north- 
ern Lower  California,  wherever  men  have  tried,  as  in  the 
counties  I  have  named. 

This  change  in  the  character  of  the  northern  part  of 

*  Tables  of  temperature,  rainfall,  etc.,  will  be  found  in  an  appendix. 


NATURAL   WEALTH,  CLIMATE,  SOIL,  TIMBER,  ETC.      31 

the  Peninsula  has  struck  every  traveller.  It  is  due 
mainly  to  the  fact  that  the  high  mountain  ranges  in  the 
north  affect  the  chmate  favorably,  and  also  gather  and 
store  waters  for  the  streams.  In  his  "  Historical  Sum- 
mary of  Lower  California,  from  its  Discovery  in  1532 
to  1867,"  Alexander  S.  Taylor,  a  well-known  Cahfornian, 
says  on  this  point : 

"  As  the  vicinities  of  the  bay  of  Viscaino  are  reached, 
and  after  passing  the  parallel  of  28°,  the  mountain  sys- 
tem begins  to  rapidly  rise  from  four  thousand  feet  to  the 
elevation  of  perpetual  snow,  which  it  appears  to  attain 
opposite  the  mission  of  San  Fernando,  and  which  from 
several  accounts  it  seems  to  carry  until  near  the  mission 
of  Santa  Catalina.  These  snowy  peaks  (for  it  is  only  on 
the  highest  peaks  snow  is  seen)  must  be  over  twelve 
thousand  feet  high,  as  they  are  reported  to  be  covered 
with  snow  in  the  spring  and  early  summer  by  Kino  in 
1702,  Link  in  1765,  and  by  Patie  in  1827;  but  these  Ne- 
vadas  have  never  been  laid  down  geographically  correct 
in  the  two  or  three  old  maps  of  the  Jesuits ;  indeed,  they 
are  not  laid  down  on  any  we  have  seen  dated  after  1830. 
In  their  vicinity  is  stated  to  be  a  large  mountain  lake 
which  feeds  the  various  small  streams  north  of  Viscaino 
Bay. 

"It  is  the  melting  of  the  snows  on  this  range  which 
makes  the  northern  part  of  the  Peninsula  so  much  bet- 
ter and  more  fertile  than  the  southern  districts,  or  even 
better  than  our  sections  between  San  Diego  and  San 
Bernardino." 

That  there  is  a  striking  change  and  imjjrovement  in 


32  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

the  climate,  soil,  and  watering  of  the  Peninsula,  as  the 
traveller  proceeds  northward,  is  attested  by  all  observers. 
Eoss  Browne,  for  instance,  writes : 

"Ha\"ing  passed  Rosario,  we  were  told  to  expect  a 
great  improvement  in  the  country.  The  rocky  tracts 
were  to  disappear,  and  beautiful  valleys  to  take  their 
place.  Of  a  truth,  there  was  a  great  change ;  but  Ro- 
sario is  rather  an  arbitrary  point.  San  Quintin  would 
be  a  nearer  approximation  to  the  truth." 

He  goes  on  to  describe  the  country  he  saw  about  San 
Quintin : 

"About  San  Quintin  the  pasture  was  exactly  like  that 
of  Upper  California  in  its  best  condition.  Alfileria,  alfal- 
fa, burr  and  red  clovers  make  the  greater  part  of  the  for- 
age plants,  while  the  yellow  poppy,  primrose,  and  other 
familiar  flowers  complete  the  resemblance.  In  fact,  the 
belt  from  here  to  Rosario  may  be  laid  down  as  the  divid- 
ing line  between  the  semitropical  floras  of  the  lower 
peninsula  and  the  more  northern  vegetation  of  Upper 
Cahfornia.  Many  species  of  cactus  disappear  soon  after 
leaving  Rosario,  as  well  as  a  large  number  of  other 
plants  with  which  we  had  become  familiar ;  and  of  those 
which  do  continue,  a  large  number  cling  tenaciously  to 
the  mountains  or  highlands,  and  are  even  there  scattered 
and  thinning  out.  On  the  other  hand,  we  had  noticed 
for  more  than  a  week,  one  after  another  of  our  northern 
friends  coming  in,  first  scattered,  stunted,  and  e^'idently 
away  from  home,  but  gradually  increasing  in  number 
and  size,  almost  insensibly  but  none  the  less  surely  sup- 
planting their  southern  neighbors.     This  overlapping  of 


NATURAL  WEALTH,  CLIMATE,  SOIL,  TIMBER,  ETC.       83 

forms  takes  place  much  more  markedly  in  the  high  land 
than  in  the  plains.  In  the  latter  the  vegetation  is  much 
more  sectional ;  that  is,  it  resembles  much  more  closely 
the  district  to  which  it  belongs. 

"As  an  illustration,  an  Upper  Calif ornian,  suddenly 
transported  to  San  Quintin,  would  have  no  special  rea- 
son to  suppose  himself  out  of  his  State ;  while  if  he  were 
placed  on  the  mountains  directly  east  or  north-east  he 
would  find  the  same  plants  that  make  the  characteristic 
landscape  about  San  Borja,  or  even  farther  south.  Two 
or  three  miles  from  San  Quintin  we  saw  the  last  cardon, 
or  columnar  cactus ;  and  in  the  line  of  demarcation 
wliich  I  had  laid  down  we  encountered  the  first  buck- 
eyes and  elders.  Chaparral  oaks  make  their  appearance 
between  this  point  and  San  Telmo,  and  the  hills  support, 
for  the  first  time,  a  scattering  growth  of  chamiso.  The 
ceanothus,  with  its  little  bunches  of  purplish  flowers, 
appears  about  the  same  time. 

"  On  the  10th  we  rode  along  the  coast  half  a  dozen 
leagues,  over  good  grazing  lands,  to  San  Ramon,  where  we 
camped  aside  of  a  marshy  arroyo,  under  shelter  of  a 
clump  of  willows.  A  quarter  of  a  mile  from  us  was  a 
house,  the  headquarters  of  a  ranchero.  The  people  here 
are  engaged  in  raising  horses,  of  which  we  saw  several 
bands.  The  animals  are  of  good  size,  fine-looking  beasts, 
and  their  condition  spoke  well  for  the  character  of  the 
pasture." 

Proceeding  northward  from  San  Quintin,  Browne 
continues : 

"  Leaving  San   Ramon,  we  followed  the  coast  four 


34  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

leagues  farther  over  a  similar  country  to  that  behind  us, 
and  then  our  road  took  us  four  leagues  across  a  range  of 
pretty  high  hills  to  San  Telmo,  a  little  settlement  near  a 
deserted  and  ruined  mission,  in  a  deep  valley.  Every- 
thing bore  the  impress  of  an  approach  to  Upper  Califor- 
nia. Large  herds  of  sleek,  nice-looking  cows  were  graz- 
ing on  the  flats  and  lying  under  the  shade  of  the  trees ; 
while  several  flocks  of  sheep  could  be  seen  dotting  the 
hill-sides,  or  huddled  together  in  some  shady  spot,  under 
the  care  of  a  drowsy  shepherd,  whose  more  vigilant  dog 
would  rush  at  us  with  furious  barking,  trying  to  drive  us 
away  from  his  charge." 

He  goes  on  with  his  journal : 

"In  the  afternoon  we  rode  across  a  rolling  granite 
country  three  leagues  to  the  old  mission  of  San  Vicente, 
where,  the  next  day  being  Sunday,  we  remained  untfl 
Monday  morning.  Our  camp  was  one  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful I  ever  beheld.  We  were  on  a  perfectly  level  tract 
of  a  few  acres,  nearly  shut  in  by  a  grand  old  hedge  of 
prickly-pear ;  the  whole  area  was  covered  with  a  mat  of 
the  greenest  grass.  Back  of  us  was  a  table  ten  or  fifteen 
feet  high,  on  which  stood  the  not  unpicturesque  ruins  of 
the  mission  buildings ;  at  our  side  was  a  fine  stream  of 
water,  and  overhead  the  dense  f ohage  of  a  clump  of  ven- 
erable olive-trees,  in  the  midst  of  which  we  had  made 
our  camp.  The  mules  luxuriated  in  the  rich,  juicy  herb- 
age, and  we  enjoyed  the  beauties  of  the  place  to  the  full- 
est, lea\4ng  it  with  regret  when  Monday  morning  re- 
minded us  that  we  could  idle  no  longer. 

"  San  Vicente  contains  several  leagues  of  good,  very 


NATURAL  WEALTH,  CLIMATE,  SOIL,  TIMBER,  ETC.       35 

fertile  bottom-land,  and  a  considerable  tract  of  grazing- 
land,  on  the  low,  rolling  hills.  A  large  portion  of  the 
bottom  seems  to  have  been  cultivated  during  the  time  of 
the  missions,  judging  from  the  remains  of  irrigating 
ditches  winding  around  the  hill -sides.  Let  American 
enterprise  wake  these  people  out  of  their  lethargy,  and 
San  Vicente  will  become  one  of  the  most  flourishing 
ranches  of  Lower  Cahf  ornia. 

"  From  San  Vicente  we  rode  inland  seven  leagues  to 
Santo  Tomas,  through  a  rolling,  rocky  country,  with 
plenty  of  water.  This  latter  place  is  in  the  bottom  of  a 
wide  arroyo,  twenty-one  miles  from  the  coast.  It  is 
quite  a  town,  of  some  perhaps  fifty  or  sixty  inhabitants, 
containing  half  a  dozen  houses  and  the  ruins  of  the 
small  mission  establishment.  A  few  acres  of  ground  are 
under  cultivation,  irrigated  by  the  water  of  three  or  four 
large  springs.  This  is  the  headquarters  of  the  subgov- 
ernment  of  the  frontiers.  Senor  Zerega,  the  deputy-gov- 
ernor, to  whom  we  had  letters,  was  absent,  but  we  were 
very  well  received  by  the  family  of  a  brother-in-law  of 
our  guide.  A  group  of  old  ohve- trees,  here  surpassing 
in  size  even  those  of  San  Vicente,  are  almost  the  only 
traces  of  early  cultivation  of  the  vicinity.  The  valley  is 
said  to  be  excellent  ranch-land  for  some  distance  further 
up,  and  all  the  way  to  the  coast.  Some  cattle  and  sheep 
are  raised  here,  and  considerable  quantities  of  wine  are 
produced."    This  was  in  1867. 

In  the  summer  of  1849  a  party  of  American  gold- 
seekers,  travelling  by  sea  from  Panama  to  California  in 
a  New  Granadian  schooner  of  about  twenty-three  tons, 


36  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

were  shipwrecked  near  Point  Domingo,  on  the  southern 
coast  of  the  Peninsula,  and  six  persons  of  this  party 
determined  to  make  their  way  by  land  to  San  Diego.  It 
proved  a  long  and  severe  journey,  made  in  the  dry  sea- 
son, of  which  Mr.  J.  D.  Hawley  pubUshed  his  journal — a 
record  of  much  suffering.  He  also  notices  the  change 
from  the  southern  sterile  and  unfriendly  region  to  one 
farther  north,  where,  whenever  they  could  find  a  ranch, 
they  received  supplies  and  were  comfortably  enter- 
tained ;  and  it  is  about  Eosario  that  (as  he  also 
notes)  this  change  began.  His  journal  reports,  for  in- 
stance : 

"  Monday,  Septemher  ^iih. — From  San  Rafael  we  passed 
over  an  uneven  but  fair  road  for  four  and  a  half  leagues, 
when  we  arrived  at  the  Ranch  El  Salado,  owned  by  a 
cousin  of  our  guide,  Don  Nicolas,  and  brother  of  our  first 
guide  from  San  Jose  de  Grace  to  San  Ignacio  —  Juan 
Jose  —  and  we  received  a  cordial  welcome.  At  present 
the  ranch  is  only  for  grazing,  but  Sehor  Marie,  the  pro- 
prietor, is  now  busy  making  adobes  for  a  new  house,  and 
he  intends  to  bring  in  a  stream  of  water  for  irrigation ; 
this  will  enable  him  to  raise  all  kinds  of  fruits  and  vege- 
tables. The  valley  is  quite  extensive,  and  the  soil  ap- 
pears to  be  good.  We  spent  the  entire  day  at  El  Sala- 
do, and  we  are  to  exchange  two  of  our  mules  for  two 
horses. 

"  Tuesday,  Septemher  2Dth. — Did  not  get  an  early  start, 
as  our  two  horses  did  not  come  in  till  about  twelve 
o'clock.  At  two  we  started  and  rode  to  San  Vicente, 
three  and  a  half  leagues,  an  excellent  ranch." 


NATURAL  WEALTH,  CLIMATE,  SOIL,  TIMBER,  ETC.        37 

Under  date  of  September  29th  he  writes : 

"We  have  passed  through  immense  fields  of  wild 
oats  and  mustard,  where  large  numbers  of  horses  and 
cattle  are  grazing.  The  Indians  about  here  are  repre- 
sented as  very  troublesome." 

Compare  these  accounts  of  travellers  and  explorers 
with  the  following,  which  I  extract  from  the  Ensenada 
Lower  Californian  of  April  19,  1888,  and  it  will  be  seen 
that  they  did  not  exaggerate : 

"A  friend  at  Sauzal  sends  us  a  sheaf  of  wild  oats 
which  measures  four  feet  in  length  and  hangs  full  of 
grain.  These  oats  grow  wild,  and  immense  fields  of 
them  go  to  waste  for  want  of  stock  to  eat  them. 

"  Charles  Bennett  showed  us  the  other  day  a  twig  six 
inches  in  length,  cut  from  a  plum-tree  in  his  Maneadero 
orchard,  on  which  were  eight  full-grown  plums.  The 
tree  has  been  set  out  just  one  year.  This  growth  was 
not  exceptional.  Other  fruit-trees  in  his  orchard  pre- 
sented the  same  wonderful  productiveness.  If  there  had 
ever  been  any  reason  to  doubt  that  fruit-trees  would  do 
well  in  that  valley,  Mr.  Bennett's  orchard  settles  the 
question  beyond  all  controversy. 

"  We  understand  the  wheat  harvest  is  coming  on  in 
the  Maneadero  and  other  valleys  in  this  vicinity,  some 
grain  having  already  been  cut.  By  next  week,  probably, 
the  wheat  harvest  will  be  on  in  earnest.  The  yield  will 
be  large,  and  the  quality  equal  to  any  raised  on  the  Pa- 
cific coast,  or,  for  that  matter,  in  the  world." 

And  this  account  of  San  Ysidrio,  a  newly  developed 
region  south  of  Santo  Tomas : 


38  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

"  To  the  Editor  of  the  Loioer  Californian : 

"  All  the  resident  farmers  here  are  pushing  forward 
their  clearing  and  planting  operations,  and  any  one  who 
has  not  visited  our  place  since  the  first  sod  was  turned, 
some  three  months  ago,  would  be  surprised  to  see  what 
the  progress  has  been  in  that  short  period.  We  have  six 
resident  families  engaged  in  farming,  two  more  who 
have  land  under  crop  and  whose  ulterior  intentions  are 
unknown,  and  eight  others  who  have  bought  land  on 
our  mesa  with  the  view  of  settling  and  cultivating  in 
the  autumn.  Others  farming  at  some  distance  have 
bespoken  land  on  the  town  site  to  build  upon  for  resi- 
dence. 

"  The  chief  attractions  of  our  place  are  the  healthful- 
ness  and  beauty  of  its  location  on  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
fifty-four  miles  from  Ensenada,  its  equable  climate  and 
invigorating  breezes,  the  natural  protection  of  our  land- 
ing making  it  the  inlet  and  outlet  for  considerable  back 
country  business,  the  mineral  wealth  of  the  neighbor- 
hood, good  soil,  abundant  fuel,  cheap  Indian  labor,  and 
water  abundant  in  quantity  and  unsurpassed  in  quality. 

"One  of  our  farmers  has  new  potatoes  fit  to  dig, 
while  all  have  a  growth  more  or  less  promising  of  hay, 
corn,  and  other  farm  and  garden  produce.  Vines  and 
fruit-trees  have  been  set  out  by  some,  and  others  are 
now  at  work  at  it. 

"  The  Ensenada  and  San  Quintin  steamer  calls  once 
a  week." 

The  Indians  have  long  ago  ceased  to  be  troublesome ; 


NATURAL  WEALTH,  CLIMATE,  SOIL,  TIMBER,  ETC.       41 

they  have  almost  totally  disappeared,  and  the  few  who 
remain  are  a  docile  laboring  force. 

The  Spanish  rancheros  of  San  Diego  and  Los  An- 
geles counties  knew  the  northern  part  of  Lower  Cali- 
fornia more  intimately  than  any  one  else.  Some  of  them 
had  relatives  living  in  that  country,  and  most  of  them 
had  travelled  in  it.  I  knew  several  of  these  in  1871-72, 
all  of  whom  asserted  to  me  positively  that  the  northern 
part  of  the  Peninsula,  as  far  down  as  below  Rosario,  so 
far  from  being  the  desert  it  was  commonly  reputed  to 
be,  was  fertile,  beautiful,  fairly  well  watered,  and  as 
rich  as  Upper  California.  Their  testimony,  which  was 
unanimous  and  positive,  first  induced  me  to  think  of 
owning  property  down  there,  and  led  me  to  study  the 
region  in  reports  and  other  publications — very  few  in 
number  they  are — and  to  visit  it  in  1881.*  Don  Juan 
Foster,  one  of  the  largest  land  and  cattle  owners  in 
San  Diego  County,  told  me  first,  what  was  confirmed 
by  others,  that  in  seasons  of  severe  drought,  when 
his  and  other  owners'  cattle  were  starving,  they  were 
accustomed  to  drive  them  across  the  border  into  Lower 
California,  where  they  were  sure  to  find  abundance  of 
feed,  and,  of  course,  water,  for  cattle  cannot  live  with- 
out water.  This  I  find  also  confirmed  in  a  letter  of 
Charles  D.  Poston,  written  so  long  ago  as  1866,  in  which 
he  says : 

"  For  grazing  cattle,  horses,  sheep,  and  goats.  Lower 
California  is,  in  some  respects,  superior  to  Upper  Cali- 
fornia ;  and  I  have  personally  known,  in  seasons  of 
great  drought,  the  cattle  and  horses  from  Los  Angeles 


42  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

and  San  Diego  to  be  driven  to  Lower  California  to  save 
them  from  perishing." 

Taylor  quotes,  to  the  same  effect,  a  book  I  have  never 
been  fortunate  enough  to  see — the  account  of  the  north- 
ern part  of  the  Peninsula,  by  James  O.  Patie.  He  says 
of  Patie : 

"  The  first  American  who  visited  this  section  of  the 
Peninsula  from  the  east,  or  indeed  the  first  white  man, 
was  James  O.  Patie,  as  long  ago  as  March,  1827.  He 
was  taken,  with  his  father  and  a  party  of  distressed 
beaver-hunters,  by  a  squad  of  soldiers  at  the  mission  of 
Santa  Catalina,  whence  they  travelled  to  San  Vicente 
and  then  up  the  coast  to  Santo  Tomas,  San  Miguel,  and 
San  Diego,  at  which  place  they  were  all  put  in  prison 
by  General  Echeandia,  the  first  Mexican  governor  of 
the  two  Calif ornias.  In  his  book,  Patie  says  this  part 
of  the  coast  contains  large  quantities  of  fertile  land, 
and  the  padres  had  excellent  vineyards,  gardens,  and 
orchards  of  all  kinds  of  fruits,  grains,  and  vegetables, 
and  feasted  the  travellers  on  good  wines,  fruits,  and 
viands.  Some  four  thousand  Indians  were  seen  in  Santa 
CataUna,  San  Vicente,  Santo  Tomas,  and  San  Miguel. 
These  parts  were  covered  with  bands  of  cattle  by  the 
thousand,  and  in  Santo  Tomas  alone  the  padres  had 
thirty  thousand  sheep." 

The  accounts  thus  given  by  intelhgent  explorers  and 
travellers  refer  only  to  the  most  easily  accessible  parts 
of  the  Peninsula,  those  on  or  adjacent  to  the  sea-shore. 
The  large  interior  of  the  northern  part  was  never  thor- 
oughly explored  until  the  International  Company's  sur- 


PENINSULAR    CALIFORNIA SOUTHERN    HALF. 


NATURAL  WEALTH,  CLIMATE,  SOIL,  TIMBER,  ETC.       45 

veyors  traversed  it.  They  found,  besides  numerous  val- 
leys hidden  among  the  mountains,  plateaus  covered 
with  valuable  timber  and  grasses,  extensive  areas  possess- 
ing a  fertile  soil,  an  elevated  pine  belt  one  hundred  and 
forty  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  in  length  north  and 
south,  and  from  five  to  twenty  miles  wide ;  and  in  this 
area  lagoons  and  mountain  streams  in  abundance,  with 
a  temperate  climate,  the  result  of  the  elevation  of  these 
mountain  plateaus.  Here  evidently  are  the  sources  of 
the  streams  which  are  found  in  the  lowlands,  and  many 
of  which  reach  the  ocean.  In  this  elevated  region  the 
climate  is  suitable  to  apples  and  cherries  and  other  fruits 
of  the  northern  temperate  zone ;  and  the  timber  country 
will  afford,  when  roads  are  made,  abundant  supplies  for 
the  population  nearer  the  sea-shore. 

Col.  D.  K.  Allen,  for  over  ten  years  a  resident  of  the 
Peninsula,  and  at  present  land  inspector  for  the  Inter- 
national Company,  has  recently  completed  the  first  care- 
ful exploration  of  this  great  mountain  region  of  the 
northern  part,  where  are  found  the  sources  or  head  wa- 
ters of  the  streams  which  make  their  way,  sometimes 
underground,  sometimes  at  the  surface,  to  the  Pacific 
coast,  and  afford  the  certainty  of  water  supply  to  the 
numerous  valleys  and  plains.  He  reports  details  con- 
cerning the  extensive  timber  belt  in  this  mountain  re- 
gion.    He  writes : 

"  This  great  mountain  region  hes  about  one  hundred 
miles  south-east  of  Ensenada,  seventy-five  miles  east  of 
San  Quintin,  and  from  thirty  to  thirty-five  miles  west  of 
the  Gulf  of  California. 


46  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

"  The  mountain,  for  there  is  really  but  one,  is  about 
one  hundred  and  ten  miles  in  length,  and  from  fifteen  to 
thirty  in  width.  The  great  range,  of  which  San  Pedro  is 
the  crown,  is  about  one  hundred  and  sixty  miles  long 
and  from  twenty  to  forty  wide.  The  highest  portion  of 
the  mountain  on  the  west  is  eleven  thousand  eight  hun- 
dred feet  above  the  sea,  while  the  eastern  portion,  or  that 
next  to  the  Gulf,  rises  to  twelve  thousand  eight  hundred 
feet,  and  is  covered  with  the  very  best  of  pine  timber. 
The  Palomas — three  peaks  at  the  extreme  east — rise  from 
one  thousand  two  hundred  to  one  thousand  five  hundred 
feet  still  higher.  These  are  perfectly  white,  though  the 
canons  on  the  sides  are  filled  with  pine. 

"  The  highest  altitude  reached  by  my  party  was  twelve 
thousand  eight  hundred  feet  at  three  different  points. 
I  spent  seventy-six  days  and  travelled  over  one  thousand 
five  hundred  miles  in  my  examination  of  that  region. 
We  AT.sited  every  valley,  climbed  every  mountain  peak, 
followed  every  stream  from  its  head  to  its  point  of  union 
with  streams  that  led  to  the  sea.  Water  is  abundant 
everywhere,  and  only  has  to  be  husbanded  in  order  to 
furnish  a  great  supply  for  all  the  lands  on  the  north  end 
of  the  Peninsula.  These  streams  can  be  easily  and 
cheaply  dammed,  and  all  of  the  pine  can  be  put  into 
them  and  floated  down  to  the  heads  of  the  valleys.  This 
can  be  done  with  the  San  Rafael,  which  is  a  grand 
stream  with  five  large  branches,  draining  nearly  all  of 
the  north  end  of  San  Pedro ;  also  with  the  San  Domingo, 
which  drains  the  western  side  of  the  mountain,  and  the 
logs  or  timber  can  be  taken  out  at  the  upper  end  of  San 


NATURAL  WEALTH,  CLIMATE,  SOIL,  TIMBER,  ETC.       47 

Rafael  Valley  near  Colnett,  or  at  the  upper  end  of  San 
Quintin  Valley  near  San  Ramon.  Either  water  route  is 
perfectly  feasible. 

"The  pasture  was  the  finest  I  ever  saw  on  the  Pacific 
coast.  Wild  oats,  rye,  red-top,  clover,  bunch  grass,  buffa- 
lo, gramma,  and  many  other  grasses  were  knee-high  to 
our  mules.  There  was  only  one  man — an  Indian — living 
within  thirty  miles  of  the  mountain.  He  was  milking 
sixty  cows,  and  making  butter  and  cheese,  which  he  sold 
at  the  mining  camps  at  Socorro  and  Valledares,  at  San 
Telmo  and  San  Quintin. 

"Much  of  the  surface  of  the  mountain  is  level  as  a 
plain,  and  one  can  drive  a  pair  of  horses  and  buggy  for 
miles  just  where  he  chooses  among  the  pines.  Other 
portions  are  almost  inaccessible.  The  soil  is  excellent. 
The  valleys  of  La  Grulla,  Santo  Tomas,  Santa  Roex  Old 
Mission,  Old  Corral,  Vallecitos,  Valle  de  los  Caballos,  are 
all  beautiful  and  good. 

"  The  great  area  of  the  mountain  is  about  one  million 
acres,  one-half  of  which  is  covered  with  good  pine,  cedar, 
and  fir.  I  measured  fifty-four  acres,  taken  carefully  as 
an  average  of  the  timber,  and  found  that  there  were 
twenty -five  large  and  fifteen  small  trees  to  the  acre. 
The  large  trees  averaged  three  logs  each,  twelve  feet 
long,  two  and  one -half  feet  in  diameter.  On  the  fifty- 
four  acres  I  found  only  one  hundred  and  sixty-five  dead 
trees,  of  which  one  hundred  and  seven  were  lying  on  the 
ground.  Two  of  these  latter  had  recently  fallen.  I 
found  one  which  measured  one  hundred  and  eighty  feet 
in  length,  eight  feet  in  diameter  at  the  butt,  and  sixty- 


48  PEKINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

five  feet  to  the  first  limb,  where  it  was  five  and  one- 
half  feet  in  diameter.  I  measured  a  number  of  fir  and 
red  cedar  trees  that  were  twenty-five,  and  even  twenty- 
seven  feet  in  circumference,  eighteen  inches  above  the 
ground. 

"  With  a  railroad,  which  is  feasible,  that  body  of  pine 
is  worth  many  millions  of  dollars.  The  Yuma  Railroad 
will  pass  within  thirty  miles  of  the  northern  end  of  the 
pine  region,  the  best  portion,  and  a  track  can  be  built  up 
to  the  pines,  or  to  some  one  of  the  streams,  and  the  logs 
can  be  driven  down  the  stream  as  is  done  in  many 
places  in  Wisconsin  and  Michigan.  This  water  held  in 
reserve  to  run  the  logs  can  be  utihzed  in  irrigating  the 
valleys  below. 

"Game  was  very  abundant;  black  and  white  tail  and 
moose  deer  by  the  hundreds.  Antelope  are  plenty  on 
the  mesas  south  and  east,  and  in  the  great  valley  of 
San  Felipe,  which,  by-the-way,  will  become  one  of  the 
gardens  of  Lower  Cahfornia.  It  is  an  immense  body 
of  good  land ;  hot  as  Yuma,  but  for  all  that  good. 
Mountain  sheep  are  abundant  at  the  southern  end,  near 
Rosarito. 

"  The  water  and  snow  fall  is  immense.  It  rained  five 
times  in  June,  fifteen  in  July,  seventeen  m  August,  and 
sixteen  in  September.  More  than  thirty  inches  of  water 
fell.  On  the  10th  and  11th  of  September  six  and  one- 
tenth  inches  of  water  fell.  On  the  19th  of  the  same 
month,  in  San  Felipe  Valley,  three  inches  fell  in  four 
hours.  The  thunder  was  very  heavy,  the  lightning 
sharp.    Four  weeks  ago  there  was  ten  feet  of  snow  on 


NATURAL  WEALTH,  CLIMATE,  SOIL,  TIMBER,  ETC.       49 

San  Pedro.  This  accounts  for  the  permanent  water  in 
all  of  the  streams  from  Ensenada  to  the  southward,  and 
for  the  mild,  pleasant  climate  of  summer  all  along  the 
coast." 

Further  details  of  this  important  timber  country  will 
be  found  in  an  appendix. 

The  Peninsula  is  undoubtedly  rich  in  minerals,  but 
its  great  development  in  this  direction  can  come  only 
with  a  denser  population.  In  the  southern  part  a  num- 
ber of  profitable  mining  enterprises  are  on  foot  at  this 
time.  The  Triumfo  silver-mines,  south-west  of  La  Paz, 
are  in  English  hands.  Near  latitude  27°  on  the  Gulf 
side,  the  Santa  Rosalia  and  Poleo  copper -mines  are 
worked  by  a  French  company  under  control  of  the 
Paris  Rothschilds.  This  company  has  expended  several 
millions  on  its  works,  town,  and  a  railroad;  and  the 
mines  are  considered  very  rich.  There  are  at  several 
points  on  the  Peninsula  considerable  placer  and  quartz 
deposits,  promising  well,  and  there  have  been  lately  dis- 
coveries of  copper  deposits  in  the  northern  part,  believed 
to  be  as  rich  as  those  on  the  Gulf  coast  above  spoken 
of.  The  "color"  of  gold  can  be  got  in  almost  every 
gulch  and  ravine  on  the  Peninsula ;  and  when  the  min- 
eral resources  are  better  known  it  will  probably  be  found 
that  the  Peninsula's  formation  is  but  an  extension  of  the 
great  northern  California  gold-field. 

Concerning  the  healthfulness  of  the  climate  of  the 
northern  part  of  the  Peninsula,  all  the  accounts,  from 
those  of  the  early  missionaries  down,  concur,  and  with 
enthusiastic  praise.    Taylor,  whom  I  have  before  quoted, 


50  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

does  not  misrepresent  the  universal  testimony  when  he 
writes : 

"  The  chmate  of  the  country  betiueen  the  loundary  and 
Magdalena  Bay  is  one  of  the  most  deUghtful,  salubrious, 
and  equable  on  the  face  of  the  globe,  and,  if  settled,  this 
region  would  be  among  the  most  accessible  and  accepta- 
ble sanitariums  in  the  world,  and  is  admirably  adapted 
to  raising  many  of  the  fruits  of  the  torrid  zone,  and  all 
of  those  of  the  Mediterranean  basin  as  well  as  all  the 
vegetables  and  cereals  of  Alta  California ;  and  all  agree 
that  they  are  of  much  better  quality  than  those  raised 
above  San  Diego." 

He  adds,  what  is  very  true,  that  on  the  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia the  summers  are  extremely  hot,  "torrid"  as  he 
rightly  says.     Again  he  writes*. 

"The  climate,  from  its  proximity  to  the  sea,  is  not 
only  extremely  salubrious,  the  people  enjoying  uncom- 
monly good  health,  and  being  long  livers,  but  the  atmos- 
phere is  extremely  fine,  pleasant,  and  invigorating,  and 
seldom  troubled  with  cold  summer  fogs  and  winds; 
these  facts  are  well  known  since  1770,  the  testimony  of 
travellers  and  seamen  being  uniform. 

"The  missionaries, after  1730, introduced  the  Arabian 
date-palm,  which  succeeds  admirably,  and  yields  abun- 
dantly, and  also  oranges,  lemons,  and  all  the  species  of  the 
citrine  family,  pineapples,  bananas,  and  plantains.  They 
also  planted  the  vine,  olive,  fig,  pomegranate,  almond, 
peach,  quince,  and  even  plums,  apples,  pears,  melons, 
watermelons,  and  such  like,  in  more  elevated  and  cooler 
districts.      The  vine,  fig,  olive,  currant  -  grape,  almond. 


NATURAL  WEALTH,  CLIMATE,  SOIL,  TIMBER,  ETC.       51 

quince,  and  peach  are  more  luscious,  and  grow  much 
quicker,  and  with  less  labor  and  expense,  than  in  Alta 
California,  and  in  many  localities  are  unsurpassed  in 
the  world  for  luxuriance,  sweetness,  and  flavor.  The 
fig  and  grape  are  much  sweeter  than  in  our  State,  and 
the  grape  ripens  quicker  and  better,  from  hotter  and 
drier  suns,  and  makes  much  richer  wine,  brandy,  raisins, 
and  currants.  Before  1849  the  Lower  Calif ornians  sent 
up  annually  to  Monterey  large  quantities  of  dried  figs, 
currants,  grapes,  dates,  and  peaches,  and  cheese  also, 
where  they  were  sold  at  reasonable  rates  and  good 
profits. 

"There  is  much  good  land  near  the  missions  of  Ro- 
sario,  San  Vicente,  Santo  Domingo,  and  Santo  Tomas; 
several  permanent  streams  and  a  number  of  coast  la- 
goons furnish  abundance  of  excellent  water  for  animals 
and  irrigation,  exceedingly  abundant  and  easily  taken. 
The  orange,  lemon,  banana,  date -plum,  grape,  fig,  olive, 
almond,  peach,  pomegranate,  quince,  arrive  at  maturity 
much  earlier  than  farther  north,  in  the  United  States." 


CHAPTER  lY. 
THE  PENINSULA  AND  CALIFORNIA  COMPARED. 

TF  these  accounts  of  Lower  California  are  not  gross 
-'-  exaggerations,  it  will  reasonably  be  said,  Why  is  it 
that  this  region,  adjoining  our  own  California,  has  lain 
so  long  waste  ?  One  cause  is  the  immense  area  of  unoc- 
cupied, singularly  rich,  and  until  lately  very  cheap  lands 
in  Cahfornia,  having  also  a  cUmate  remarkably  health- 
ful and  pleasant,  and  so  wide  a  variety  of  products  that 
their  full  extent  is  not  even  yet  known.  Another  is  that 
Lower  California  is  Mexican,  a  foreign  land,  and,  as  I 
have  said  before,  a  singularly  unexplored  region.  But 
the  main  cause  is  found  in  the  Mexican  laws,  which, 
until  they  were  modified  some  years  ago,  rigorously 
forbade  Americans,  and  all  foreigners  in  fact,  to  own 
real  estate  within  sixty  miles  of  the  boundary  line  and 
within  three  leagues  from  the  sea-shore.  The  Peninsula 
is  narrow,  and  these  laws  worked  as  total  an  exclusion 
of  settlers  from  abroad  as  though  a  Chinese  wall  had 
been  built  across  the  boundary  line.  Aside  from  these 
causes,  there  were  also  others,  such  as  the  failure  of 
experiments  in  colonization,  and,  even  more  important, 
the  difficulty  for  individual  purchasers,  without  great  ex- 
pense of  time  and  money,  to  ascertain  the  boundaries  of 


*4 

a 
o 


O 

o 
> 

> 

o 


THE  PENINSULA  AND   CALIFORNIA  COMPARED.        55 

occupied  ranches,  the  soundness  of  titles,  and  the  location 
of  public  lands  in  a  region  which  has  never  been  surveyed. 

The  International  Company  began  its  operations  by 
making  a  complete  survey  of  the  northern  part  of  the 
Peninsula.  This  was  the  first  of  the  conditions  on  which 
it  received  its  grant.  It  thus  ascertained  accurately 
which  were  the  public  lands,  of  which  by  survey  and 
purchase  it  became  the  owner,  and  at  the  same  time,  of 
course,  marked  the  precise  boundaries  of  such  lands  as 
were  by  good  titles  in  private  ownership,  most  of  which 
latter  lands  the  company  has  since  bought.  Thus  by 
the  company's  labors  this  region  was  for  the  first  time 
properly  opened  to  possible  settlement.  Until  this  work 
was  done,  no  lines  could  be  definitely  ascertained. 

Having  made  its  surveys,  the  International  Company 
is  able  to  fix  boundaries  accurately,  and  by  the  condi- 
tions of  its  grant  is  able  to  give  sound  and  indisputable 
title-deeds  to  the  lands  it  sells.  These  titles  are  in  the 
form  of  warrantee  deeds  of  the  company,  confirmed  in 
every  case  by  the  Mexican  Government  in  the  manner 
of  a  United  States  land  patent.  By  a  special  clause  in 
the  company's  grant,  these  titles  to  lands  it  sells  to  set- 
tlers are  made  unassailable,  even  in  the  contingency  that 
the  company  should  fail  to  fulfil  some  of  the  conditions 
of  the  grant.  In  that  case  (which  is,  however,  no  longer 
possible,  as  it  has  actually  fulfilled  all  the  conditions 
except  that  of  settling  two  thousand  families,  for  which 
it  has  ten  years  from  September,  1887)  it  is  provided  that 
while  the  company  shall  forfeit  its  unsold  lands,  those 
actually  sold  to  settlers  shall  be  undisputed. 


56  PENINSULAR   CALIFORNIA. 

My  own  long-entertained  desire  to  own  land  in  Lower 
California  led  me,  between  1878  and  1880,  to  make  a  care- 
ful study  of  the  Mexican  land  laws,  which  showed  me 
that  ownership  on  the  Peninsula  was  unpossible  to  a 
foreigner,  even  if  he  should  become  a  Mexican  citizen. 
Only  native  born  citizens  could  own  lands  within  the 
prohibited  zone.  I  then,  through  a  very  influential  Mexi- 
can friend,  made  a  personal  application  to  the  Mexican 
Government  to  have  these  regulations  relaxed  in  my 
own  case,  stating  the  fact  that  some  of  my  family 
wished  to  hve  in  that  region.  This  application  was  re- 
jected on  the  ground  that  the  law  forbade,  and  I  gave 
the  matter  up,  after  having  visited  the  Peninsula  in  1881, 
and  satisfied  myself  that  it  was  a  region  very  desirable 
even  to  one  who,  like  myself,  knew  Upper  California 
thoroughly,  and  was  an  enthusiastic  behever  in  its  won- 
derful climate  and  soil. 

In  December,  1883,  the  Mexican  Congress  passed  a 
law  which  altered  the  conditions  of  landholding  vrithin 
its  borders,  and  very  liberally  opened  Mexican  lands  to 
settlement  and  ownership  by  foreigners.  It  was  the  be- 
ginning of  a  new  policy  which  is  destined  to  work  an 
immense  benefit  to  Mexico ;  and  the  conception  and  exe- 
cution of  which  is  extremely  creditable  to  the  Govern- 
ment and  people  of  Mexico.  This  "  new  departure  "  was 
made  under  the  administration  of  President  Gonzalez, 
and  has  been  carried  out  in  good  faith  and  with  enlight- 
ened vigor  under  the  administration  of  President  Diaz, 
to  whose  wise  and  far-seeing  statesmanship  the  Mexican 
republic  owes  a  deep  debt  of  gratitude. 


THE  PENINSULA  AND   CALIFORNIA   COMPARED.       57 

Under  the  act  of  Congress  known  as  the  "  Coloniza- 
tion Law,"  the  Mexican  President  was  authorized  by 
Congress  to  make  grants  of  pubhc  lands  to  companies  on 
condition  of  survey  and  settlement;  the  object  being  to 
secure  the  disposal  of  the  public  lands  not  to  speculators 
to  be  held  in  great  tracts,  but  for  the  settlement  of  agri- 
culturists, to  populate  the  vacant  parts  of  the  repubhc. 
Thus  the  opening  of  the  northern  half  of  Lower  Cahfor- 
nia  became  for  the  first  time  possible. 

In  any  case,  the  experience  of  the  last  thirty  years 
has  pretty  well  dissipated  the  "  desert "  superstition. 
Old  men  remember  very  well  when  Texas  was  believed 
to  be  a  desert  waste.  I  have  myself,  within  twenty 
years,  talked  with  Californians  who  refused  to  believe 
that  their  State  could  ever  support  a  population  "  after 
mining  was  played  out ;"  and  when  I  wrote  my  book  on 
that  State  in  1871-72,  describing  its  natural  fertility  and 
foretelling  its  great  and  various  development,  Cahfor- 
nians  for  the  most  part  beheved  and  said  I  had  grossly 
overrated  the  richness  of  their  State.  Little  more  than 
ten  years  ago  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  were  popularly 
believed  to  be  deserts,  fit  at  best  only  in  spots  to  run  cat- 
tle on ;  and  the  vast  central  plain,  which  has  now  nearly 
half  a  million  of  farmers,  stands  in  the  geographies  of 
twenty-five  years  ago  as  "  the  great  American  desert." 

It  required  thirty  years — from  1848  to  1878 — to  devel- 
op even  in  part  the  singular  and  wonderful  agricultural 
wealth  of  California ;  and  in  my  belief,  not  more  than  the 
half  is  known  yet.  I  have  myself  seen  a  section  of  that 
State  which  in  1873  was  declared,  by  a  sheep-man  with 


58  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

whom  I  camped,  to  be  so  sterile  a  desert  that  he  could 
not  feed  a  band  of  two  thousand  sheep  on  a  hundred 
thousand  acres  of  it,  and  he  was  then  actually  dri\ing 
them  off.  When  I  saw  this  region  again,  in  1881,  it  was 
green  with  alfalfa  and  covered  with  all  kinds  of  fruit- 
trees — apples  already  in  bearing — and  the  land  was 
thought  cheap,  and  was  cheap,  at  one  hundred  dollars 
per  acre.  Such  experiences,  of  which  I  have  known  a 
dozen,  show  me  that  the  cry  of  "desert"  is  nonsense. 

I  travelled  in  1881  over  a  part  of  the  Peninsula  where 
I  could  not  for  any  money  buy  feed  for  my  horses; 
and  in  the  very  same  region  I  saw  last  year  corn  from 
fifteen  to  seventeen  feet  high,  at  least  half  the  stalks 
bearing  from  two  to  three  ears — full,  large  ears,  such 
as  would  delight  an  Illinois  farmer — and  near  by,  the 
stubble  of  a  large  wheat -field,  which  showed  that  an 
excellent  crop  had  been  taken  off;  and  all  this  with  no 
irrigation  whatever.  American  energy  and  enterprise, 
and  American  ploughs,  had  brought  about  this  change 
on  the  Peninsula,  just  as  they  have  done  in  Upper  Cal- 
ifornia. 

That  the  country  is  healthful  is  so  well  established 
that  it  is  needless  to  assert  it ;  all  who  have  lived  in  it  or 
travelled  through  it  have  proclaimed  the  peculiar  excel- 
lence of  the  climate  of  the  northern  half  of  the  Penin- 
sula. Like  our  own  southern  California,  it  affords  every 
degree  of  climate — cool  on  the  mountains,  on  the  highest 
of  which  snow  falls  every  year;  cool  also  on  the  sea- 
shore, and  a  dry  heat  in  the  interior  valleys. 

Both  the  summer  and  winter  climates  of  the  sea- 


THE  PENINSULA  AND  CALIFORNIA  COMPARED.       59 

shore  of  the  northern  part  of  the  Peninsula  will  be  found 
peculiarly  kindly  and  favorable  to  persons  with  weak 
lungs  or  weak  constitutions  —  more  favorable,  in  my 
belief,  than  any  part  of  the  southern  California  sea- 
shore, unless  it  be  Santa  Barbara  and  San  Diego.  More 
favorable  because  more  equable.  There  are  less  daily 
extremes  of  temperature ;  the  nights  are  cool  but  not 
cold,  and  the  days  are  warm,  but  in  my  experience 
scarcely  ever  hot.  I  wore  winter  flannels  in  August  on 
the  shores  of  Lower  California,  with  light  summer  cloth- 
ing; and  a  more  charming  and  more  salubrious  and 
invigorating  climate  than  is  found  on  the  shores  of 
Todos  Santos  Bay,  and  as  far  down  as  San  Quintin,  no 
one  need  wish.  The  time  will  come  when  almost  every 
harbor  within  these  limits  will  be  a  favorite  resort  both 
for  summer  and  winter  tourists  and  invalids.  The  sce- 
nery is  enchanting,  and  the  value  to  persons  in  tender 
health  of  the  sea-shore  climate  of  the  Peninsula  will  be 
acknowledged,  and  will  make  that  coast  famous  as  soon 
as  good  hotels  are  ready  to  receive  such  persons,  and 
competent  physicians  have  been  drawn  thither  to  report 
on  it.  In  an  appendix  will  be  found  valuable  records  of 
temperature  at  Ensenada,  kept  for  two  years  by  an  ex- 
pert observer,  which  tell  their  own  story. 

The  questions  the  farmer  asks  are :  Is  the  soil  fertile  ? 
Is  the  climate  healthful  ?  Is  it  adapted  to  the  growth  of 
the  most  valuable  crops  ?  Does  the  region  promise  suffi- 
cient water  for  the  necessities  of  agriculture  ? 

To  all  these  questions  my  answer  is  "  Yes."  The  soil 
of  the  valleys  and  mesas  is  as  rich  as  any  in  the  world. 


60  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

The  climate  is  as  various  as  any  one  can  ask ;  for  the 
settler  may  go  to  a  mountain-side  high  enough  to  grow 
apples,  or  into  valleys  where  he  may  grow  date-palms, 
bananas,  and  the  citrous  fruits.  He  has  as  large  a 
choice  as  in  Southern  California,  and  in  my  belief  he  will 
have  a  larger.  There  is  no  doubt  that  the  date  can  be 
gro^Ti  as  a  safe  and  profitable  crop;  the  banana  will 
grow  as  a  crop  wherever  the  farmer  has  shelter  and 
water ;  though  I  do  not  believe  this  tender  and  large- 
leaved  plant  will  flourish  on  the  sea -shore.  It  needs 
shelter  almost  everywhere.  Wliether  the  cocoanut 
palm  mil  thrive  seems  to  me  doubtful.  It  is  not  now 
found,  at  any  rate,  on  the  Peninsula  north  of  La  Paz, 
but  there  it  does  well.  I  think  it  may  be  discovered 
by-and-by  that  in  the  northern  half  of  the  Peninsula  hes 
the  true  home  of  the  olive ;  and  I  have  no  doubt  that  the 
chmate  is  peculiarly  well  suited  to  the  Madeira  gi^ape, 
which  may,  in  the  hands  of  enterprising  Americans,  find 
a  new  home  and  fresh  vigor  on  the  virgin  soil  of  the 
Peninsula.  For  some  years  to  come  Lower  California 
will  be  a  place  for  experiments  in  agriculture  and  horti- 
culture, just  as  for  twenty  years  past  Upper  California 
has  variously  and  surprisingly  rewarded  intelligent  ex- 
periment in  its  different  sections.  And  it  must  be  borne 
in  mind  that  the  farmer  on  the  Peninsula  will  have  the 
inestimable  benefit  of  all  the  knowledge  of  methods  of 
cultivation,  adaptability  of  soil  and  situations  to  plants, 
use  of  water,  etc. — of  all  that  has  been  learned  in  these 
matters  in  the  last  thirty  years  by  the  farmers,  orchard- 
ists,  and  vine -growers   of   our   own  Cahfornia.      How 


THE  PENINSULA  AND   CALIFORNIA   COMPARED.         61 

great  the  gain  and  advantage  are  in  this  respect,  those 
know  who  have  seen  how  much  our  Eastern  farmers 
had  to  learn  when  they  went  upon  California  lands, 
and  through  what  years  of  patient  and  costly  experi- 
ment they  secured  the  knowledge  which  is  now  open  to 
every  settler  on  the  Peninsula. 

As  to  water  for  irrigation,  there  is  every  reason  to  be- 
lieve that  with  proper  management  there  will  be  abun- 
dance. The  fact  that  a  number  of  old  olive  orchards, 
notably  that  of  Santo  Tomas,  have  survived  the  neglect 
of  the  greater  part  of  a  century,  and  that  the  grape  and 
the  pomegranate  have  grown  well  with  scarcely  any 
care,  is  sufficient  evidence  that  the  Peninsular  lands  are 
not  dry,  or  arid,  or  desert. 

It  will  be  found  an  advantage  that  in  Lower  Cali- 
fornia no  large  region  or  area  will  have  to  depend  for 
irrigation  water  upon  a  single  considerable  river.  Dis- 
putes about  water  are  already  proving  very  troublesome 
in  some  parts  of  Upper  California,  and  as  the  country 
becomes  more  densely  populated  they  threaten  to  be- 
come more  frequent  and  bitter.  They  arise  in  almost 
every  case  out  of  the  fact  that  a  number  of  different 
and  rapidly  growing  localities  depend  for  their  irriga- 
tion water  on  the  same  stream,  and  those  above  inter- 
fere, by  their  use  of  the  stream,  with  those  at  lower 
levels. 

The  mass  of  mountains  which  crowd  the  northern 

part  of  the  Peninsula  gives  being  to  numerous  small 

streams.    These  find  their  way  to  the  coast  from  many 

different  parts  of  the  interior  range ;  and  it  is  a  pecuh- 

4 


62  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

arity  of  this  region  that  most  of  these  streams  are 
"  lost,"  as  it  is  called,  at  some  part  of  their  course,  reap- 
pearing in  many,  though  not  all  cases  still  farther 
down,  and  often  forming  lagoons  near  the  sea-shore, 
where  the  ocean  throws  up  a  bank  across  their  mouths. 

There  are  many  such  sunken  streams  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  Peninsula,  and  wherever  these  occur  it  will 
be  found  that  to  dam  up  such  a  stream  at  a  convenient 
part  of  its  upper  and  sunken  course  will  secure  a  supply 
of  irrigation  water  at  proper  levels.  In  a  journey  over 
some  part  of  this  region  which  I  made  in  1881, 1  saw  in 
a  number  of  places  these  evidences  of  water;  but  of 
course  the  few  and  unenterprising  Mexican  farmers  had 
jieither  means  nor  skill  to  use  what  nature  offered  them. 
The  International  Company's  surveyors,  who  have  exam- 
ined this  region  much  more  closely  than  any  one  else, 
report  abundant  streams  issuing  from  the  mountains 
in  the  interior  available  for  irrigation ;  and  this  was  to 
be  expected  from  the  pecuharly  mountainous  character 
of  this  part  of  the  Peninsula. 

The  experience  which  Californians  have  gained  in 
the  last  fifteen  years  in  the  securing  and  economical 
management  of  irrigation  water  will  be  very  helpful  to 
settlers  in  Lower  California.  That  experience  shows 
not  only  that  water  is  far  more  abundant  than  was 
suspected,  and  that  it  can  be  had  wherever  high  mount- 
ain ranges  exist  to  gather  it  from  the  clouds,  but  also 
that  by  their  united  efforts  men  of  small  means,  few  in 
number,  can  make  themselves  sure  of  a  sufficient  water 
supply.    It  has  been  found  also  that  an  insignificant  con- 


THE  PENINSULA  AND   CALIFORNIA   COMPARED.        65 

stant  stream  suffices  to  water  an  astonishing  quantity  of 
land;  that  no  such  constant  soaking  of  the  soil  as  was 
practised  twenty  years  ago  by  our  people  in  California 
is  required ;  that  thorough  and  frequent  ploughing  is  al- 
most everywhere  sufficient  for  grain  crops,  and  that 
when  once  the  subsoil  has  been  penetrated  by  irrigation, 
the  land  thereafter  needs  comparatively  little  water. 

It  is  an  advantage  also  that  the  practice  of  settlement 
in  "colonies"  has  been  perfected  and  proved  a  conspicu- 
ous success  in  Upper  California,  for  the  many  charming 
little  valleys  scattered  among  the  mountains  of  Lower 
California  are  specially  fitted  for  such  settlement  of 
colonists.  By  combined  effort  even  a  dozen  or  twenty 
farmers  can  in  such  valleys  secure  water,  and  forming 
a  society  among  themselves,  they  can  at  once  and  easily 
provide  a  church,  school -house,  and  other  conveniences 
of  life.  Very  soon,  too,  mechanics  are  drawn  into  such 
"colonies,"  and  the  little  settlement  has  about  it  all  it 
needs  for  the  simple  and  independent  life  in  a  pleasant 
climate,  where  the  house  need  be  only  a  shelter,  and  no 
expensive  barns,  stables,  and  other  out-houses  are  re- 
quired. 

Nor  does  this  exhaust  the  possibilities  of  settlement 
in  colonies.  There  is  no  reason  why  in  such  societies 
the  middle -man  should  not  be  eliminated,  why  the 
colony  should  not  buy  at  wholesale  for  all  its  mem- 
bers what  they  need  from  without,  and  thus  effect  so 
great  a  saving  as  would  bring  almost  immediate  pros- 
perity to  all.  Almost  every  farmer,  especially  in  a  new 
country,  has  noticed  that  it  is  the  "store-keeper"  who 


66  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

gets  rich ;  who  hves  in  a  fine  house  and  sends  his  sons 
to  college  and  his  daughters  to  boarding-school,  while  his 
customers,  the  farmers  and  mechanics,  work  unceasingly 
to  get  not  much  more  than  a  bare  hving.  A  colony  may 
easily,  if  it  Hkes,  save  to  its  members  all  the  profits  on 
which  the  "store-keeper"  makes  a  fortune.  A  colony 
may,  if  its  members  agree,  make  rules  for  economical 
management  in  still  other  ways ;  as,  for  instance,  by  unit- 
ing to  do  without  fences  around  their  lands,  each  keep- 
ing up  his  own  cattle,  which,  where  alfalfa  is  grown  and 
ensilage  is  made,  can  be  easily  done. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  farmers  who  will  settle  in 
the  pretty  valleys  of  Lower  California  will  try  such  ex- 
pedients as  these  to  make  their  labor  more  productive, 
and  to  economize  their  outlays. 

Except  on  low-lying  lands,  I  should  say  that  irriga- 
tion will  be  required  in  Lower  California  at  least  as 
much  as  in  San  Diego,  San  Bernardino,  and  Los  Angeles 
counties.  But  with  water  applied  to  the  soil,  what  won- 
ders, what  miracles  have  been  wrought  in  Southern  Cali- 
fornia in  a  few  years !  I  saw  Riverside  in  the  spring  of 
1872,  when  it  was  so  dreary  and  desolate  a  spot  that  to 
my  eyes,  and  to  those  of  many  others,  it  seemed  a  hope- 
less desert  waste.  The  few  orange-trees  which  had  been 
set  out  had  just  been  cut  down  by  a  bitter  frost ;  the 
great  plain  was  still  bare,  only  three  or  four  small  frame 
houses  standing  on  it ;  and  the  whole  enterprise  seemed 
to  even  my  sanguine  eyes  so  unpromising  that  I  told 
Judge  North,  the  founder  of  the  colony,  that  I  feared  he 
had  made  a  mistake,  and  I  dared  not  give  a  very  encour- 


THE  PENINSULA  AND   CALIFORNIA  COMPARED.       67 

aging  report  of  his  enterprise  —  one  of  the  earhest  colo- 
nizing plans  begun  in  the  State — in  my  book.  Every 
Calif ornian  knows  what  Eiverside  is  now — with  land 
selling  at  a  thousand  dollars  per  acre,  and  perhaps 
higher,  and  with  its  oranges,  raisins,  apricots,  and  other 
products  famous  all  over  the  State  and  far  beyond  its 
boundaries.  Water  judiciously  applied  produced  that 
magnificent  result,  and  in  ten  years  made  a  lovely  and 
rich  garden -spot  out  of  what  was  originally  a  barren 
and  most  unpromising  waste. 

I  drove  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  Fresno  country 
in  1872,  when  even  the  cattle-men  thought  it  too  arid 
and  desert  for  their  cows;  now  it  is  one  of  the  justly 
famous  garden-spots  of  California,  rich  with  every  prod- 
uct, from  grain  to  raisins  and  other  valuable  fruits.  The 
settlement  of  the  Fresno  country  was  also  largely  by 
colonies. 

The  "colony  plan,"  as  it  was  called,  was  laughed  at 
for  a  while  in  California.  I  have  watched  the  develop- 
ment of  several  of  the  most  noted  experiments  with  care- 
ful interest,  and  I  do  not  know  of  one  in  which  the  mem- 
bers held  together  for  even  eight  or  ten  years,  without 
every  man  becoming  comfortably  independent.  There 
can  be  no  better  evidence  of  the  expediency  and  advan- 
tage of  settlement  in  "colonies"  than  Anaheim.  Its 
founders  were  not  even  farmers ;  they  were,  with  scarce- 
ly an  exception,  city  mechanics,  unfamiliar  with  farm 
work.  They  were  poor,  and  saved  out  of  their  earnings 
as  mechanics  a  weekly  or  monthly  sum  to  pay  for  their 
shares.    They  had  one  advantage — the  services  of  an  in- 


68  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

telligent  and  faithful  manager^  who  cared  for  theu*  land 
and  supermtended  their  planting  for  them  while  they 
remained  at  work  at  their  trades  in  San  Francisco ;  for 
they  were  too  poor  to  go  upon  their  land  until  their 
vines  were  ready  to  yield  a  crop.  I  never  thought  the 
place  of  their  settlement  the  best  that  could  have  been 
selected,  and  have  no  doubt  that  with  the  knowledge  of 
wine  culture  now  common  in  California,  they  could 
have  chosen  a  better  location.  They  began  in  extreme 
poverty,  and  yet  I  beheve  I  am  correct  in  saying  that 
not  one  of  the  Anaheim  colonists  who  held  on  but  long- 
ago  became  a  man  in  comfortable  and  independent  cii'- 
cumstances,  while  some  became  wealthy. 

That  part  of  Lower  Cahfornia  now  open  to  settle- 
ment through  the  International  Company  offers  many 
valuable  advantages  to  farmers  and  manufacturers.  Its 
more  southern  position  naturaUy  induces  the  earher 
ripening  of  such  fruits  as  the  orange  and  lemon,  and 
will  make  profitable  the  cultivation  of  the  banana  and 
several  other  tropical  fruits,  for  most  of  which  the  for- 
eign market  would  be  in  the  United  States.  The  tariff 
duty  may  be  against  the  Lower  Californian  in  these 
products ;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  he  will  have  the  com- 
mand of  the  earliest  market,  and  therefore  the  highest 
prices,  which  will  more  than  counterbalance  the  tariff. 
For  all  other  agricultural  products,  from  grain  and 
beans  to  apricots  and  prunes,  he  will  have  the  advan- 
tage of  an  unlimited  market  in  Western  Mexico,  in 
which  the  Mexican  tariff  on  flour,  canned  fruits,  butter, 
cheese,  etc.,  wiU  be  in  his  favor.    This  advantage  is  so 


THE  PENINSULA  AND  CALIFORNIA  COMPARED.         69 

obvious  and  great  that  fruit -canneries,  flour -mills,  and 
other  manufactories  to  prepare  farm  products  for  mar- 
ket are  already  being  established  at  a  number  of  points 
on  the  Peninsula ;  and  as  the  farming  and  fruit-growing 
population  increases,  and  fruit-trees  of  various  kinds 
come  into  bearing,  the  stimulus  of  the  large  market  of 
Western  Mexico,  now  supplied  from  San  Francisco,  will 
lead  to  the  rapid  increase  of  these  and  many  other  kinds 
of  factories. 


CHAPTER  V. 

THE  RELATION  OF  SETTLERS  TO  THE  GOVERNMENT. — SPECIAL 

PRIVILEGES. 

n^HE  special  privileges  granted  by  the  Mexican  Govern- 
-*-  ment  to  "colonists" — which  means  settlers  who  reg- 
ister themselves  under  that  name — are  also  extremely 
valuable.  The  purchaser  of  land  in  Lower  California 
from  the  International  Company  need  not  register  him- 
self as  a  "colonist"  unless  he  wants  to,  but  it  is  so  clear- 
ly to  the  profit  of  all  to  do  so  that  few  will  omit  it. 

To  become  a  "  colonist,"  he  gives  his  name  and  Lower 
California  address  to  the  "Agent  of  Colonization"  at 
Ensenada.  He  must  at  the  same  time  bring  from  the 
International  Company  a  certificate  that  he  is  a  person 
of  good  habits  and  industrious  character,  and  of  the 
trade  or  profession  he  has  followed.  If  he  desires  to 
retain  his  American  or  foreign  citizenship  he  makes  a 
declaration  to  that  effect ;  but  if  he  waits  more  than  six 
months  after  being  enrolled  to  make  such  a  declaration, 
he  is  thereupon  regarded  as  a  Mexican  citizen. 

In  either  case,  equally,  whether  he  retains  his  origi- 
nal citizenship  or  becomes  a  Mexican  citizen,  he  obtains 
as  colonist  the  following  important  privileges,  as  speci- 
fied in  the  "  Colonization  Act :" 


RELATION  OF  SETTLERS  TO   GOVERNMENT,  ETC.       73 

"Article  7.  The  colonists  settled  in  the  republic  will 
enjoy  for  a  term  of  ten  years  from  the  date  of  their  set- 
tlement the  following  privileges : 

"  I.  Exemption  from  all  military  service. 

"II.  Exemption  from  all  kinds  of  taxes  [internal 
taxes  are  here  meant]. 

"  III.  Exemption  from  import  and  domestic  duties  on 
provisions  in  places  where  there  are  no  provisions;  on 
working  tools  and  implements;  machinery;  construc- 
tion materials  for  houses ;  house  furniture ;  and  breed- 
ing animals  for  the  colony. 

"IV.  Personal  and  untransferable  exemption  from 
duties  on  exportation  of  fruit  raised  in  the  colony." 

The  colonists  settling  under  the  International  Com- 
pany's grant  have  these  privileges  for  twenty  years 
instead  of  ten. 

The  permission  of  free  importation  of  agricultural 
tools,  machinery,  lumber  for  houses  and  fences,  and  fur- 
niture, joined  to  the  exclusive  enjoyment  of  the  market 
of  Western  Mexico,  from  the  United  States  line  to  Gua- 
temala, gives,  it  will  be  seen,  very  important  advan- 
tages to  the  Lower  California  farmer  and  manufacturer. 
These  are  secured  without  prejudice  to  his  original  citi- 
zenship if  he  prefers  to  retain  that,  and  without  obliging 
him  to  assume  any  obligations  other  than  to  keep  the 
peace  and  obey  the  laws.  In  an  appendix  will  be  found 
parts  of  the  Mexican  tariff  on  imports  now  in  force, 
which  will  enable  any  one  to  see  by  what  duties  those 
setting  up  manufactures  in  Lower  California  can  gain 
an  advantage. 


74  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

The  transfer  of  titles  when  lands  are  sold  differs 
somewhat  in  form  from  that  in  the  United  States,  but 
is  simple  and  easily  effected.  Land  titles  are  formally 
recorded  in  books  of  record,  kept  in  record-offices,  just  as 
in  the  United  States ;  the  titles  of  purchasers  from  the 
International  Company  in  Lower  California  being  re- 
corded at  Ensenada.  Each  State  or  Territory  is  subdi- 
vided into  districts  which  are  similar  to  our  counties, 
and  in  each  such  district  there  is  an  established  place  of 
record.  The  original  deed  is  placed  on  file  in  the  record- 
office,  and  is  signed  by  both  the  vendor  and  purchaser. 
In  the  case  of  transfers  amounting  to  five  hundred  dol- 
lars or  less,  the  purchaser  sends  his  deed  to  the  district 
land-office — Ensenada — with  a  letter  requesting  that  it 
be  placed  on  record,  and  that  some  one — naming  him — 
may  act  as  his  agent  in  seeing  the  paper  recorded  and 
procuring  a  certified  copy  of  it.  Where  a  larger  amount 
is  involved,  the  purchaser  must  appear  in  person,  or  by 
legaUy  authorized  substitute  holding  his  power  of  at- 
torney, before  the  registrar  to  have  the  deed  properly 
signed  and  recorded.  Concerning  transfer  of  land  titles, 
mortgages,  and  wills,  I  am  allowed  to  print  a  letter  from 
Mr.  Eomero,  the  Mexican  minister  to  the  United  States, 
which  I  have  placed  at  the  end  of  this  chapter. 

The  purchaser  of  land  from  the  International  Com- 
pany gets  full  and  complete  possession  of  his  land,  and 
does  not  bind  himself  to  any  condition  of  residence  or 
improvement  unless  the  sale  is  made  subject  to  such 
conditions.  He  may  sell  freely,  and  in  case  of  death 
may  devise  by  wiU  just  as  freely  as  in  the  United  States, 


RELATION   OF  SETTLERS  TO   GOVERNMENT,  ETC.       75 

and  the  transfer  to  his  heirs  is  made  with  no  more  for- 
mahties  or  expense  than  in  this  country.  If  he  should 
die  intestate  the  Mexican  law  protects  the  rights  of  wid- 
ows and  children.  The  following  correspondence  sets 
forth  these  matters  in  some  detail : 

"Alpine,  Bergen  Co.,  N.  J.,  Nov.  26, 1887. 

"  Dear  Mr.  Romero, — When  we  were  talking  in  your 
house,  two  weeks  ago,  about  my  long  -  entertained  and 
at  last  realized  desire  to  own  land  in  Lower  California, 
I  asked  you  about  the  laws  of  inheritance  in  Mexico, 
and  you  very  kindly  said  that  if  I  would  send  you  some 
questions  on  this  and  other  matters  pertaining  to  land 
ownership  in  your  country,  you  would  answer  them.  If 
it  is  not  too  much  trouble,  will  you,  therefore,  kindly 
tell  me, 

"1.  Whether  transfer  of  land  titles  by  sale  or 
through  inheritance  is  easily  and  securely  made  in 
Mexico  ? 

"2.  Whether  the  records  of  titles  are  so  kept  that 
encumbrances,  such  as  mortgages,  can  be  easily  and 
securely  ascertained  from  the  record  ? 

"  3.  What,  if  any,  are  the  legal  hmits  to  the  devise 
of  lands  by  will  ? 

"  4.  Whether  heirs  under  will  or  of  an  intestate  have 
any  more  difficulty  than  with  us  in  securing  possession 
and  good  title  to  lands  ? 

"  5  Whether  foreclosure  of  mortgages  on  land  is 
attended  with  any  particular  difficulty  or  expense  other 
than  with  us  ? 


76  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

"  6.  Finally,  whether  in  your  judgment  as  a  law^^er 
famihar  with  the  land  laws  of  your  own  country  and 
of  the  United  States,  land  titles  are  as  secure,  when  well 
founded  and  duly  recorded,  and  can  be  as  readily  and 
accurately  traced  as  with  us  ? 

"  I  am  yours,  very  truly, 

"Charles  Nordhoff. 

"To  H.  E.  M.  Romero,  Minister  of  Mexico?^ 


Translation. 

"Washington,  Nov.  28, 1887. 

"Mr.  Charles  Nordhoff,  New  Yorh: 

"  My  Esteemed  Friend  and  Sir, — In  answer  to  your 
letter  of  the  26th  instant,  in  which  you  ask  various 
questions  in  regard  to  the  acquisition  of  lands,  the  trans- 
fer of  the  respective  titles  whether  by  way  of  purchase, 
by  inheritance  under  a  last  will,  or  in  intestacy,  under 
the  laws  of  Mexico,  I  reply  that,  as  Mexico  has  a  repub- 
hcan,  popular,  federal  government,  each  State  makes 
laws  governing  that  which  relates  to  such  matters,  and 
that  in  order  to  properly  answer  your  questions,  it  would 
be  necessary  to  refer  to  the  special  legislation  of  each 
State.  But  as  your  purpose  seems  to  be  to  become  ac- 
quainted principally  with  the  regulations  in  such  cases 
ruling  in  the  Territory  of  Lower  California,  I  inform 
you  that  said  territory  is  governed  by  the  Civil  Code 
which  was  promulgated  on  the  31st  day  of  March,  1884, 
for  the  Federal  District  and  the  territory  aforesaid. 

"  Under  this  code  (Article  3184)  at  every  town  where 


RELATION   OF  SETTLERS   TO   GOVERNMENT,  ETC.       ^7 

there  is  a  Judicial  Court  of  First  Instance,  an  office  is 
established  known  as  that  of  the  Public  Registry.  This 
Registry  is  divided  (Article  3185)  into  four  bureaus : 
the  first,  in  which  are  registered  deeds  of  conveyance 
of  the  title  to  real  estate  or  of  rights  relating  to  realty, 
and  various  rights  relating  to  mortgages  charged  upon 
such  real  estate  ;  the  second  the  registry  of  mortgages ; 
the  third  the  registry  of  leases,  and  the  fourth  the  reg- 
istry of  judgments. 

"All  contracts  and  instruments  inter  vivos  which 
transfer  or  affect  the  ownership,  the  possession,  or  the 
enjoyment  of  real  estate  or  real  rights  imposed  upon  the 
same,  must  be  recorded  (3194)  unless  (3195)  the  prop- 
erty or  rights  do  not  exceed  in  value  $500,  in  which  case 
it  is  not  necessary  to  record  the  same. 

"Such  last  wills  as  transfer  the  ownership  of  real 
estate  or  realty  rights  must  also  be  registered  (3197) 
after  the  death  of  the  testator,  and  in  case  of  intestacy 
(3198)  the  declaration  made  by  the  judge  as  to  those 
who  are  the  legitimate  heirs  and  also  the  deed  of  parti- 
tion must  be  recorded. 

"Chapter  III.  of  Title  23  of  the  Civil  Code,  Articles 
3208  to  3218,  fix  the  details  of  the  manner  of  record- 
ing. 

"As  to  estates,  the  Civil  Code  provides  (3323)  that 
every  person  shall  have  the  right  to  freely  dispose  of 
his  property,  by  way  of  inheritance  or  bequest,  and  that 
such  right  is  not  limited  (3324)  except  by  the  obligation 
upon  him  to  leave  provision  for  the  support  of  descend- 
ants, the  wife  or  husband  surviving,  and  ascendants,  in 


78  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

conformity  with  the  rules  estabhshed  under  the  same 
article. 

"  In  default  of  a  last  will,  the  code  provides  that  the 
judge  shall  declare  who  are  the  heirs,  and  such  decla- 
ration must  be  made  in  favor  of  the  descendants,  of  the 
wife  or  husband  surviving,  and  the  ascendants  and  col- 
laterals, etc.,  in  the  order  established  in  the  same  code. 

"  I  will  add  that,  in  my  judgment,  there  are  as  many 
facilities  to  obtain  the  judicial  acknowledgment  of  the 
rights  of  ownership  in  Mexico  as  there  are  in  the  United 
States,  and  so  also  as  to  collecting  mortgages  made  on 
real  estate;  although  the  legislation  of  the  two  coun- 
tries is  somewhat  different  on  account  of  our  following 
the  provisions  of  the  Eoman  law  and  the  United  States 
those  of  the  common  law. 

''  I  am,  sincerely  and  truly, 

"  Your  obedient  servant, 

"  M.  KOMERO." 


CHAPTER  YI. 
LAND    TITLES. 

A  S  there  are  no  "public  lands"  in  the  northern  part 
-^^  of  the  Peninsula,  and  settlers  must  deal  with,  and 
buy,  and  take  title  from,  the  International  Company,  the 
character  and  responsibility  of  this  company,  and  the  va- 
lidity of  its  charters  and  titles,  are  of  course  of  the  first 
importance  to  intending  purchasers.  As  I  stated  in  the 
preface,  I  made  for  my  own  satisfaction  and  security  as 
a  purchaser  a  careful  examination  of  these  things,  and  I 
give  in  some  detail  in  this  chapter  the  results  of  this  in- 
vestigation. 

The  International  Company  of  Mexico  exists  under 
special  charter  from  the  State  of  Connecticut,  recognized 
in  its  various  grants  and  concessions  by  the  Mexican 
Government;  as  in  the  formal  "Certificate  of  title  to 
lands  owned  between  parallels  28°  and  32°  42'  in  Lower 
California,"  where  it  is  designated  as  "The  Mexican 
International  Company  of  Hartford,  Connecticut."  The 
company  is  composed  of  a  number  of  prominent  and 
weU- known  business  men  of  undisputed  integrity  and 
high  character.  Its  capital  is  twenty  million  of  dollars. 
Its  responsibihty,  as  well  as  the  perfection  of  its  conces- 
sions and  titles,  have  been  carefully  examined  by  the 


80  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

company's  fiscal  agents  here  and  in  England.  Mr.  John 
W.  Battem,  a  well-known  Parliamentary  barrister  and 
railway  director  of  London,  personally  inspected  the 
country,  and  also  the  concessions  made  by  the  Mexican 
Government  to  the  International  Company,  looking  into 
all  questions  on  which  settlers  and  investors  would  desire 
full  information,  and  upon  his  report  the  company's  ex- 
tensive operations  in  Europe  were  first  based. 

Captain  George  Clark  Cheape,  of  County  Fife  in  Scot- 
land, a  capitalist  and  large  land-owner  in  three  Scottish 
counties,  after  a  careful  examination  of  the  company's 
titles,  made  a  journey  to  Lower  California,  and  after  an 
examination  of  the  company's  lands,  became  largely  in- 
terested in  them. 

The  operations  of  the  International  Company  of  Mex- 
ico cover  a  very  wide  field,  as  it  has  grants  in  other  parts 
of  Mexico ;  and  its  Lower  California  concessions  and  work 
form  only  a  part  of  its  enterprises. 

Besides  its  grants  for  surveying,  occupying,  and  colo- 
nizing the  northern  part  of  the  Peninsula  of  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, it  has  extensive  grants  of  lands  in  the  Mexican 
States  of  Sonora,  Sinaloa,  and  Chiapas,  together  with  rail- 
road charters  in  these  States.  Chiapas,  which  is  the  most 
tropical  and  one  of  the  least-known  of  the  Mexican  States, 
adjoinmg  and  bordering  upon  the  republic  of  Guatema- 
la, is  also,  by  the  accounts  of  Mexican  writers,  one  of  the 
richest  States  of  the  repubUc  in  its  natural  products  and 
its  capacity  to  grow  profitably  coffee,  sugar.  India-rubber, 
and  many  other  valuable  tropical  products.  It  needs  a 
railroad  to  open  it  to  settlement  and  commerce. 


LAND  TITLES.  83 

The  International  Company  holds  a  concession  to 
build  and  operate  a  railroad  in  Lower  California,  to  con- 
nect the  Peninsula  with  the  United  States.  The  hne  of 
this  railroad  has  already  been  surveyed,  and  will  be  found 
marked  on  the  map  which  accompanies  this  volume.  Its 
northerly  connection  will  be,  as  shown  on  the  map,  with 
San  Diego ;  and  this  part  of  the  line,  to  be  built  at  once, 
will  tap  the  various  interior  settlements  now  forming,  as 
well  as  points  at  which  gold  and  other  minerals  have 
been  recently  discovered.  The  easterly  line  will  cross  the 
upper  end  of  the  Peninsula  and  pass  through  the  States 
of  Sonora  and  Chihuahua  to  El  Paso. 

Under  its  concession  for  a  railroad  in  Chiapas  the 
company  will  build  a  line  from  the  Pacific  port  of  San 
Benito  to  the  Atlantic  port  of  the  Grijalba  Eiver.  This 
will  be  a  transcontinental  line.  It  will  pass  through  the 
coffee  lands  and  large  untouched  mahogany  forests  of 
Chiapas,  and  will  tap  also  similar  regions  in  neighboring 
Guatemala.  The  surveys  of  this  hne  have  been  lately 
completed,  and  work  on  it  has  been  commenced. 

The  company  further  operates  under  a  concession  the 
guano  islands  of  the  Pacific  and  Gulf  coasts  of  Mexico, 
especially  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  where  valuable  phos- 
phate deposits  are  found.  It  has  for  some  time  past 
shipped,  and  is  still  shipping,  about  one  thousand  tons 
per  month  of  this  guano  to  Europe  and  to  San  Francisco, 
and  employs  in  this  work  two  steamers,  several  sailing- 
vessels,  and  about  three  hundred  and  fifty  men. 

Its  own  steamers  run  regularly  between  San  Diego 
and  those  Peninsular  ports  where  settlements  have  been 
5 


84  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

formed,  the  connection  between  San  Diego  and  Ensenada 
being  tri- weekly,  with  a  daily  overland  stage  connection 
also. 

Its  concessions  or  grants  in  Lower  California  were 
made  on  the  condition  of  a  complete  and  satisfactory 
survey  of  the  region  within  their  limit.  When  tliis  sur- 
vey was  made  and  accepted  by  the  Mexican  Govern- 
ment, the  company  became  thereby  the  owners  of  one- 
third  of  the  vacant  lands  surveyed;  and  were  entitled 
further  to  purchase  the  other  two-thirds  by  a  cash  pay- 
ment at  the  price  established  by  the  Mexican  Congress 
for  public  lands. 

The  required  surveys  in  Lower  California  were  begun 
at  the  stipulated  time,  completed  and  accepted  by  the 
Mexican  Government,  and  formally  recorded  in  its  De- 
partment of  Works ;  the  cash  payment,  which,  under  the 
law,  the  company  could  have  made  in  instalments,  was 
made  complete  in  one  sum;  and  under  date  of  "Mexi- 
co, October  20th,  1886,"  Mr.  Pacheco,  Minister  of  Pubhc 
Works,  which  is  the  equivalent  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  in  the  United  States,  certifies,  "  By  direction  of 
the  President  of  the  Republic  :" 

"  That  the  titles  of  the  property  acquired  by  Messrs. 
Luis  HuUer  &  Co.,  whose  Company  has  the  name  The 
International  Company  of  Mexico  (of  Hartford),  are  per- 
fectly legal." 

He  further  certifies  in  the  same  document : 

"  That  the  said  Company  have  paid  into  the  National 
Treasury  the  whole  value  [price]  of  said  lands." 

He  further  adds : 


LAND  TITLES.  85 

"  The  Company  may  sell  to  Enterprises  or  individuals 
the  lands  under  consideration  in  this  communication,  as 
it  is  expressly  stipulated  in  the  Contract  of  21st  of  July, 
1884,  whether  the  purchasers  are  Mexicans  or  foreigners." 

That  is  to  say,  all  the  conditions  on  which  the  com- 
pany received  its  concessions,  and  holds  in  ownership  its 
nearly  sixteen  million  acres  of  land,  are  thus  officially 
declared  to  have  been  fulfilled;  the  sole  remaining  obli- 
gation being  to  complete  the  settlement  of  the  territory 
within  ten  years,  in  the  proportion  of  one  family  to  every 
6175  acres ;  but  the  grant  admits  and  recognizes  that  the 
settlers  or  colonists  may  be  located  at  their  own  conven- 
ience, and  not  of  necessity  upon  each  separate  section  of 
land.  It  is  required  only  that  a  certain  population  shall 
be  settled  within  the  limits  of  the  company's  grant.  The 
language  of  the  "  Certificate  of  Title "  from  the  Govern- 
ment to  the  company  on  this  point  is : 

"A  number  of  families  may  be  established  in  one 
place  or  town,  for  the  intent  of  the  law  is  for  the  estab- 
hshment  of  colonies,  the  number  of  famihes  according  to 
the  extent  of  territory." 

The  company  has  also,  under  its  charter  and  grant, 
the  right  to  purchase  land  held  by  private  ownership 
within  its  hmits,  and  it  has  actually  purchased  the  ma- 
jority of  such  private  holdings.  It  gives  its  own  warran- 
tee deeds,  which  are  confirmed  by  the  Mexican  authori- 
ties and  duly  recorded  in  the  public  office  at  Ensenada. 

The  following  details  in  regard  to  the  International 
Company's  Lower  California  grants  and  concessions  are 
here  added  as  interesting  to  intending  settlers : 


86  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

I.  The  concessions  or  grants  were  originally  made  by 
the  President  of  Mexico,  under  the  authority  given  him 
in  a  law  of  the  Mexican  Congress  of  December  15, 1883, 
known  as  the  "  Colonization  Act."  By  this  act  the  Pi'es- 
ident  of  the  republic  was  authorized  to  make  contracts 
with  individuals  and  corporations  for  certain  purposes, 
which  are  specified  in  the  act.  Article  24th  of  the  Colo- 
nization Act  is  in  these  words : 

"  The  Executive  may  make  contracts  with  companies 
for  the  introduction  into  the  Republic  of  colonists  and 
foreign  immigrants  and  their  settlement  thereon,  under 
the  following  conditions : 

"  1.  The  Companies  must  specify  the  exact  period  of 
time  in  which  they  are  to  introduce  a  certain  number  of 
colonists  [ten  years  in  the  case  of  the  International 
Company]. 

"2.  Colonists  or  immigrants  must  be  subject  to  the 
conditions  estabhshed  in  Articles  5  and  6  of  the  present 
law."  (Articles  5  and  6  require  that  all  colonists  shall 
get  from  the  company  a  certificate  that  they  are  persons 
of  good  habits,  and  stating  what  occupation  they  have 
followed.) 

II.  The  Lower  California  grants  under  which  the 
International  Company  holds  are  three  in  number,  and 
were  made  to  individual  members  of  the  International 
Company  of  Mexico,  and  by  them  legally  and  with  the 
consent  of  the  Mexican  Government  transferred  to  the 
company.  The  first,  in  the  name  of  Adolf o  Bulle,  cov- 
ered the  section  between  parallels  28°  and  29°.  The  sec- 
ond, in  the  name  of  Telesforo  Garcia,  covered  the  right 


LAND  TITLES.  87 

to  survey  the  public  lands  between  latitude  29°  and  the 
United  States  boundary  on  32°  22',  taking  for  this  serv- 
ice one -third  of  the  public  lands  surveyed.  The  third 
concession  is  in  the  name  of  Luis  Huller,  and  covers  the 
right  to  purchase  for  cash  the  remaining  pubhc  lands 
from  latitude  29°  to  the  United  States  boundary.  All 
these  grants  were,  as  has  been  said,  in  due  legal  form, 
and  with  the  consent  of  the  Mexican  authorities,  made 
over  to  the  International  Company  of  Mexico. 

III.  The  conditions  on  which  the  International  Com- 
pany received  and  accepted  its  various  grants  covering 
Lower  California  were  these : 

1.  That  it  should  within  a  specified  time  file  a  bond 
in  current  funds  with  the  Mexican  Treasury  Depart- 
ment, for  the  faithful  and  timely  performance  of  its 
agreement.     This  was  done. 

2.  That  it  should  proceed  within  a  prescribed  time  to 
begin  its  surveying  operations.     This  it  did. 

3.  That  the  required  surveys  should  be  completed 
within  another  prescribed  period.     They  were  so  cojnpleted. 

4.  That  all  its  surveys  and  reports  should  be  verified 
and  accepted  in  a  legal  and  formal  manner  by  the 
proper  authorities,  and  all  the  data  recorded  in  the  Of- 
fice of  Public  Works  in  the  City  of  Mexico  (equivalent 
to  our  Interior  Department)  within  a  prescribed  time. 
All  this  was  done. 

5.  That  a  specified  sum  of  money  should  be  paid  by 
the  company  into  the  Mexican  Treasury,  for  the  pur- 
chased lands,  within  a  fixed  period.  This  was  done.  Fi- 
nally, 


88  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

6.  That  within  ten  years  there  should  be  settled 
within  the  territory  granted  it  in  Lower  California,  on 
the  lands  acquired,  two  thousand  or  more  families  as 
"colonists" — one  hundred  families  to  be  settled  within 
two  years.  Many  more  than  one  hundred  families  have 
been  settled  within  the  two  years. 

rV.  The  Mexican  Government,  in  making  these  con- 
cessions, stipulated,  as  is  its  invariable  custom,  that  un- 
less the  conditions  of  the  grants  should  be  fulfilled 
within  the  time  fixed,  the  rights  of  the  concessionaries 
should  lapse  and  fail.  If,  therefore,  the  company  had 
failed — 

1.  To  pay  certain  bonds  into  the  Treasury  as  an  evi- 
dence of  good  faith,  or 

2.  To  begin  its  surveys  within  a  specified  time,  or 

3.  If  it  had  failed  to  complete  this  field-work  within 
the  stipulated  time,  or 

4.  If  it  had  failed  within  the  time  limit  to  pay  into 
the  Mexican  Treasury  the  cash  sum  required  to  com- 
plete the  purchase  of  its  lands — 

in  case  of  any  such  failure  the  company's  rights  would 
have  been  forfeited.  But  as  the  Government's  official 
certificates  already  quoted  show  that  all  the  conditions 
were  fulfilled  as  agreed,  the  company's  titles  are  thus 
complete. 

V.  There  remains  the  final  stipulation  that  the  com- 
pany shall  within  two  years  settle  one  hundred  families, 
which  it  has  done,  and  within  ten  years  two  thousand 


LAND  TITLES.  89 

families,  which  it  will  certainly  and  easily  be  able  to  do. 
But  the  Government  declares  in  the  contract  with  the 
company  that  if  the  company  should  fail  in  the  latter 
act,  the  Government  will  place  the  remaining  families 
there  by  its  own  action ;  but  in  this  case  distinctly  agrees 
that  such  failure  on  the  company's  part  shall  not  in  any 
way  touch,  invalidate,  or  interfere  with  the  titles  of  set- 
tlers who  have  bought  lands  of  the  company. 

Article  24th  of  "  Contract  made  between  General  Car- 
los Pacheco,  Secretary  of  Public  Works,  representing  the 
Executive  of  the  Union,  and  Sres.  Luis  Huller  &  Com- 
pany (The  International  Company  of  Mexico),  for  colo- 
nizing vacant  lands  in  Lower  California  and  Isle  de  Ce- 
dros,"  declares : 

"  If  the  colonization  is  not  effected,  even  although  the 
demarcation,  description,  apportionment  of  the  lands,  and 
drawing  up  of  the  plans  is  all  done,  the  lands  sold  to  the 
Enterprise  shall  revert  to  the  Nation,  which  shall  not 
have  to  make  any  restitution  of  what  it  may  have  re- 
ceived for  them.  In  the  case  of  a  part  of  the  lands  hav- 
ing been  colonized  in  conformity  with  the  clauses  of  this 
contract,  only  those  lands  shall  revert  to  the  Nation  that  have 
not  been  colonized;  neither  the  colonists  established  nor  the 
Enterprise  shall  be  disturbed  on  account  of  the  propor- 
tion of  the  lands  assigned  to  the  former  at  the  rate  of 
2000  hectares  [4940  acres]  per  family,  inclusive  of  the 
land  which  may  have  been  given  to  the  colonists." 

It  is  thus  certain  that  the  company  having  fulfilled 
all  its  preliminary  stipulations,  and  being  authorized  to 
sell  to  settlers  of  any  nationality,  and  give  deeds  recog- 


90  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

nizecl  and  confirmed  by  the  Mexican  Government,  any 
possible  future  comj^lications  of  the  company  ^i.th  the 
Government  cannot  affect  those  who  may  have  mean- 
time purchased  lands. 

VI.  The  company's  grants  do  not  cover  the  whole  of 
Lower  California,  as  Mr.  J.  B.  Hale  has  a  very  large 
grant  in  the  southern  part  of  the  Peninsula,  where  he 
gathers  orchilla.  The  Hale  grant  is  a  strip  of  land  fif- 
teen miles  wide  from  the  sea-shore,  between  latitude  29° 
and  23°.  Mr.  G.  Andrade  has  another  grant  of  about 
800,000  acres  of  land  lying  in  the  valley  of  the  Colorado 
River,  which  is  the  north-eastern  boundary  of  the  terri- 
tory. These  grants  do  not  trench  upon  or  confiict  with 
the  International  Company's  territory. 

VII.  The  company's  titles  to  its  lands  are  officially 
recorded  in  the  office  of  the  Minister  of  Public  Works,  in 
the  City  of  Mexico,  and  certified  duplicate  copies  are  on 
record  in  the  town  of  Ensenada,  which  is  the  capital  of 
the  district  of  northern  Lower  California. 

VIII.  The  title-deeds  given  by  the  company  to  those 
who  buy  its  lands  are  recorded  in  the  proper  office  of 
record  in  Ensenada. 

IX.  The  title  of  the  company  being  officially  recog- 
nized as  perfect,  and  its  right  to  convey  parts  of  its  lands 
to  others  legal  and  complete,  it  remains  only  to  add  that 
when  the  company  gives  a  deed,  the  purchaser  and  hold- 
er enters  into  full,  unencumbered,  and  peaceable  posses- 
sion of  the  land,  without  question  or  reservation  of  any 
kind — with  only  this  possible  exception :  If  a  discovery 
of  precious  metals  should  be  made  by  a  third  person  on 


LAND  TITLES.  91 

his  land,  as  gold,  silver,  or  other  mineral  in  the  form  of 
a  lode  or  vein,  the  discoverer  could,  under  Mexican  laws, 
take  up  a  claim  in  about  the  same  form  as  in  the  United 
States,  but  before  working  it  would  have  to  give  security 
that  he  would  not  disturb  growing  crops  or  interfere 
in  any  way  with  the  rightful  use  of  the  surface  of  the 
ground;  that  he  would  not  by  his  underground  work 
imperil  the  surface,  nor  disturb  any  habitation,  or  inter- 
fere in  any  other  way  with  the  peaceable  enjoyment  by 
the  owner  of  all  his  rights  in  the  lands.  If  the  mineral 
discovered  should  be  coal,  marble,  or  valuable  stone,  this 
belongs  to  the  owner  of  the  land; 


CHAPTER  YII. 
THE  MEXICAN  GOVERNMENT  AND  THE  COMPANY. 

TN  the  fall  of  1887  certain  opposition  journals  and  pub- 
-*-  lie  men  in  the  city  of  Mexico  criticised  President 
Diaz  and  his  administration  for  his  colonization  policy, 
suggesting  that  it  was  not  in  consonance  with  the  laws 
of  Congress,  and  that  it  was  not  calculated  to  benefit  the 
country.  The  concessions  granted  in  Lower  California 
to  the  International  Company  were,  among  others,  at- 
tacked in  this  way. 

President  Diaz  at  once  caused  the  proper  officers  of 
the  Government  to  answer  in  detail  every  objection 
which  had  been  offered,  and  the  reply,  when  completed, 
was  published  in  a  considerable  pamphlet,  of  which  I 
have  a  copy,  and  in  which  it  is  shown  clearly : 

1.  That  the  various  colonization  concessions  have 
been  made  in  strict  and  absolute  conformity  to  the 
laws  of  Congress. 

2.  That  the  concessionaries  have  been  in  every  case 
held  by  the  Government  to  a  strict  fulfilment  of  all  the 
conditions. 

3.  That  the  new  land  policy  declared  by  the  Congress 
during  the  administration  of  President  Gonzalez,  and 
carried  into  e^ect  by  President  Diaz,  has  been  of  great 


THE  MEXICAN  GOVERNMENT  AND  THE  COMPANY.  95 

benefit  to  Mexico,  and  was  a  change  very  much  needed 
from  a  former  ineffective  and  expensive  system. 

Under  the  old  system  in  force  previous  to  the  passage 
of  the  Colonisation  Act  of  December,  1883,  the  Govern- 
ment founded  colonies  and  maintained  them  at  its  own 
cost  and  expense.  These  experiments  were  not  success- 
ful ;  but  they  cost  the  treasury  large  sums,  as  will  be  seen 
by  the  official  returns  for  only  a  few  years : 

Statement  of  the  Sums  expended  on  the  Colonies  founded  by  the 

Government. 

Department  op  Public  Works,  Colonization,  Industry, 
AND  Commerce,  Section  6.    Mexico,  December  4,  1887. 

Fiscal  Years.  Sums  Expended. 

1881  to  1882 8473,057  32 

1882  to  1883 725,178  70 

1883  to  1884 290,289  42 

1884  to  1885 41,104  76 

1885  to  1886 15,226  10 

1886  to  1887 41,567  75 

Carlos  K.  Ruiz,  the  Chief  of  the  Section. 

The  moderate  expenditures  since  1884  are  for  the  con- 
tinued maintenance  of  Government  colonies,  which,  as 
the  report  shows,  are  not  progressing. 

Under  the  Colonization  Act  of  1883,  this  drain  upon 
the  Treasury,  for  in  the  most  cases  futile  attempts,  has 
ceased.  Under  the  new  system,  the  Government,  as  the 
report  shows,  is  relieved  even  of  the  cost  of  surveys  of 
its  public  lands;  and  it  receives  money  payment  for 
so  much  of  these  lands  as  it  grants  to  colonizing  com- 
panies, these  taking  the  risks  of  the  enterprise  and  for- 
feiting all  their  expenditures  and  their  unsold  lands 


96  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

if  they  do  not  fulfil  all  the  conditions,  which  include,  of 
course,  the  settlement  of  people  on  these  lands. 

Mr.  Pacheco,  the  Minister  of  Hacienda,  having  recited 
all  the  various  colonization  laws  adopted  during  sixty 
years,  from  1823  to  1883,  shows  in  detail  how  all  except 
the  last  had  failed,  and  why.  He  remarks  that  Mexico 
lived  too  long  in  isolation,  to  the  impoverishment  of  her 
people  and  her  government;  he  shows  how  the  United 
States,  AustraUa,  and  in  more  recent  times  the  Argen- 
tine Kepubhc,  have  prospered  by  a  more  hberal  course, 
and  says : 

"The  isolation  which  was  forced  on  us  during  the 
colonial  period,  keeping  us  estranged  to  all  scientific  and 
industrial  progress  of  Europe,  pauperized  us  to  such  a 
degree  that  our  population  and  our  governments  have 
been  at  times  in  absolute  indigence,  and  that  in  the  pres- 
ence of  a  prodigality  of  natural  resources. 

"  The  only  perceptible  prosperity  now  enjoyed  by  us, 
of  which  the  gradual  increase  is  incontestable,  coincides 
exactly  with  the  practice  of  a  more  liberal  policy,  which, 
by  facilitating  the  entrance  of  foreign  capital  and  labor, 
adds  daily  to  the  pubhc  wealth,  brings  funds  to  the 
Treasury,  gives  us  credit  abroad,  raises  us  from  day  to 
day  to  a  higher  level  of  reputation,  respectabihty,  and 
power.  It  may  be,  therefore,  taken  as  incontestable  that 
the  country  needs  to  attract  the  aid  of  foreign  labor  and 
capital." 

Having  thus  discussed  the  policy  of  the  Colonization 
Law  of  1883,  and  the  beneficent  results  flowing  from  it, 
Mr.  Pacheco  shows : 


THE  MEXICAN  GOVERNMENT  AND  THE  COMPANY.  97 

1.  That  this,  the  latest  law  on  the  subject,  superseded 
all  others  relating  to  colonization : 

"The  law  of  15th  December,  1883,  is  the  only  law  on 
colonization  now  in  force,  and  in  its  Article  31  it  abolish- 
es all  previous  laws  on  the  subject,  in  the  following 
terms : 

"Article  31.  All  laws  on  colonization  anterior  to  the 
present  are  abolished." 

2.  He  proceeds  to  compare  the  acts  of  the  Govern- 
ment under  this  law  with  the  law  itself ;  and  coming  to 
the  concessions  made  to  the  International  Company  in 
Lower  California,  he  compares  the  contract  of  this  com- 
pany with  the  law,  article  by  article,  proving  at  every 
step,  by  this  close  and  accurate  analysis,  that  the  con- 
tract and  concession  were  in  fact  drawn  with  remark- 
able care  to  follow  in  every  detail  the  provisions  of  the 
Colonization  Law.  So  far  from  having  exceeded  the 
law,  he  shows  that  the  Government  exacted  everything 
the  law  required,  and  in  its  care  for  the  public  interest 
took  safeguards  and  required  conditions  not  called  for  in 
the  law,  except  by  fair  inference.  He  concludes  in  these 
words : 

"It  is  proved  in  the  foregoing  analysis  that  the  con- 
tract made  with  the  citizen  Luis  Huller  is  strictly  with- 
in the  prescriptions  of  the  law,  and  if  there  is  anything 
in  the  contract  that  is  not  contained  in  the  law,  it  is  the 
precautions  that  the  Government  has  taken  within  its 
powers  on  behalf  of  the  Nation  and  the  colonists." 

He  adds  that  it  has  thus  "  been  clearly  demonstrated 
that  the  Executive  has  walked  step  by  step  by  the  letter. 


98  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

and  duly  interpreted  the  spirit  of  the  law  in  forming 
the  stipulation  of  the  two  contracts  with  HuUer  and 
Bulle,  and  has  continued,  but  still  improving  them,  the 
traditions  of  pre\^ous  governments." 

Finally,  Mr.  Pacheco  shows  that  the  Congress  had 
already  discussed  and  scrutinized  the  question  of  the 
Lower  California  and  other  grants  made  under  the  law 
of  1883,  and  had  by  its  express  action  sanctioned  and 
approved  all  these  acts  of  the  Executive  : 

"  It  is  proper  to  recall  here  the  report  rendered  by  the 
undersigned  to  the  National  Kepresentative  Assembly 
on  the  17th  October,  1885,  concerning  the  proposition 
approved  by  that  assembly  that  the  Department  of  Pub- 
lic Works  should  report  on  all  the  contracts  that  have 
been  made  for  the  demarcation  and  colonization  of  un- 
occupied lands  from  the  1st  December,  1876,  up  to  that 
date,  in  which  number  are  included  the  contracts  made 
with  Messrs.  HuUer  and  Bulle,  which  I  have  just  dis- 
cussed. That  report  gave  origin  to  prolonged  and  lumi- 
nous debates,  and,  as  soon  as  the  propriety  of  all  the 
proceedings  of  the  Government  was  clearly  shown,  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies  rejected  the  proposition  that  had 
been  offered  by  some  of  its  members  for  an  addition  to 
be  made  to  the  law  of  December  15th,  1883,  forbidding 
the  Executive  to  make  any  contract  relating  to  unoccu- 
pied lands  without  previously  submitting  it  to  Congress 
for  approval;  thus  sanctioning  the  course  followed  by 
the  administration  and  disposing  of  the  charges  which 
were  even  then  also  being  made  against  the  Department 
of  Public  Works  of  having  exceeded  the  powers  accorded 


THE  MEXICAN  GOVERNMENT  AND  THE  COMPANY.  99 

to  it  by  the  law.  The  report  to  which  I  allude,  together 
with  justificatory  documents,  was  printed  by  order  of 
the  Chamber  on  the  19th  October  of  the  same  year  and 
circulated  in  profusion." 

This  official  publication  of  the  Mexican  Government 
of  course  settles  all  questions  which  could  be  raised  as 
to  the  validity  and  legality  of  the  concessions  and  con- 
tracts it  has  made  with  the  International  Company. 

But  it  does  much  more  than  this.  It  exhibits  the 
liberal  and  enlightened  spirit  which  has  now  the  lead 
in  Mexican  affairs,  and  no  one  can  read  Mr.  Pacheco's 
report  without  gaining  full  confidence  in  the  settled  and 
increasing  prosperity  of  the  republic. 

The  "policy  of  isolation,"  which  Mr.  Pacheco  con- 
demns, and  which  ceased  when  the  Congress  passed  the 
Colonization  Law  of  1883,  was  the  most  dangerous  policy 
to  Mexico.  To  exclude  immigration  or  tolerate  it  only 
under  intolerable  conditions,  forced  foreigners  to  cast 
covetous  eyes  on  the  Mexican  domain.  It  alone  gave 
rise  to  constant  schemes  of  annexation  and  revolution- 
ary separation.  To  forbid  or  make  difficult  and  inse- 
cure the  entry  of  capital  and  labor  from  without,  neces- 
sarily united  capital,  labor,  and  enterprise  in  hostility  to 
Mexico,  and  led  to  schemes  against  the  integrity  of  her 
territory. 

To  welcome  capital  and  labor  and  make  both  secure 
makes  these  her  friends  and  allies,  and  unites  them  in  a 
common  interest  with  her.  Hence  the  enlightened  spirit 
which  led  the  Congress  to  adopt  the  law  of  1883,  and 
which  has  led  President  Diaz  and  his  administration  to 


100  PENINSULAR  CALIFORNIA. 

carry  out  ^\ath  liberal  zeal  this  act,  is  the  best  guaran- 
tee Mexico  can  have  of  a  future  secure  against  attempts 
upon  her  territory,  and  of  additions  to  her  population 
having  mutual  interests  with  her  people,  and  sure  under 
the  force  of  such  mutual  interests  to  be  true  to  her  and 
to  become  a  part  of  her  people  and  her  wealth. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  C  ^  "^  ^^'^^.NIA 
s 4 -NTT A    BARBARA 


APPENDIX  A. 

TABLES  OF  TEMPERATURE  AND  RAINFALL. 

Tempekatuee  observations  cover  only  the  short  period  since  com- 
petent observers  were  at  hand  to  record  them — about  two  years ;  and 
the  following  tables  apply  to  the  region  of  Todos  Santos  Bay.  The 
interior  valleys  are  hotter,  the  elevated  mountain  regions  cooler.  The 
rainfall  varies  also.  In  the  mountain  region  it  rains  in  midsummer  as 
well  as  in  winter,  and  the  annual  rainfall  is  greater  than  on  the  Pa- 
cific coast.  I  have  been  unable  to  secure  complete  daily  returns  for 
a  whole  year.  In  a  new  country  observers  are  apt  to  be  sent  off  to 
other  work,  and  thus  the  records  are  incomplete.  The  reports  I  give 
show  the  greatest  heat  of  the  summer  months  and  the  lowest  tem- 
perature of  the  winter,  with  the  daily  variations.  These  are  the  facts 
which  physicians  and  invalids  most  need. 


MEAN  MONTHLY  TEMPERATURE  AT  ENSENADA,  OBSERVED   DURING  THE  LAST 

TWO   YEARS  (1886-88). 

11  P.M. 

,54.6° 
55.5 
56.9 
,59.0 
,62.2 
,65.2 
,67.6 
,69.4 
,69.4 
.67.6 
.58.6 
,56.1 


January  

February  

March 

7  A.M. 

50.0° 

51.1    

52.8 

8  p.m. 

62.4° 

62.3 

63.3 

April 

May 

June 

54.5 

58.6 

62.5 

....65.6   .... 

68.2 

71.6  .... 

July 

August 

September 

October 

65.5 

■ 67.0 

63.7    .... 

64.7   .... 

74.2 

....75.7  .... 
....74.5  .... 
....74.5  .... 

November 

54.5 

....67.7   .... 

December 

52.0   .... 

....64.7   

104  APPENDIX  A. 

The  following  are  detailed  daily 

RECORDS   OF  TEMPERATURE   AT   ENSENADA,   LOWER  CALIFORNIA,   FOR  THE 
MONTHS  NAMED.   JULY,  1887. 

Max.  for  Min.  for  Variation 

Date.  8  a.m.  12  m.  4  p.m.  24  hrs.  24  hrs.  for  24  hrs. 


July 

11 

..66°... 

...71°.. 

69°... 

....72°. 

64°. 

8° 

(( 

12 

..65  ... 

...70  .. 

69  ... 

70  . 

62   . 

8 

u 

13 

..66  ... 

...69  .. 

69  ..  . 

70  . 

64  . 

6 

(( 

14 

..65  ... 

...68  .. 

66  ... 

69  . 

64  . 

5 

" 

15.... 

..64   ... 

...68   .. 

68   ..., 

. ...70  . 

62   . 

8 

u 

16 

..66   ... 

...71  .. 

66   ... 

....71  . 

63   . 

8 

(( 

17.... 

..68   ... 

...70  .. 

66  ... 

....72   . 

63   . 

9 

a 

18 

..68   ... 

...73  .. 

....70  ... 

. ...74  . 

64  . 

10 

«( 

19 

..64  ... 

...74  .. 

. . ..74  ... 

....75   . 

62   . 

13 

u 

20 

..65  ... 

...74  .. 

....74  ... 

. ...75  . 

58   . 

17 

n 

21 

..67  ... 

...72   .., 

. . ..74  .... 

....76  . 

60  . 

16 

n 

22 

..68   ... 

...74  .. 

....73   ... 

78  . 

62  . 

16 

u 

23 

..69  ... 

...75  .. 

74  ... 

78   . 

63   . 

15 

t( 

24 

..66   ... 

...72  .. 

68  ... 

. ...72   . 

63   . 

9 

11 

25 

..68   ... 

...72   .. 

....70  .... 

, . ..74  . 

63   . 

11 

n 

26 

..65   ... 

...72   .. 

. . ..72  ... 

....74   . 

62   . 

12 

11 

27.... 

..68   ... 

...75   .. 

....74  ..  . 

....76  . 

62   . 

14 

(1 

28 

..69   ... 

...75   .. 

....73  ..., 

. ...75  . 

65  . 

10 

(( 

29 

..72   ... 

...74  ... 

....70  .... 

...75   . 

62   . 

13 

11 

30 

..65   ... 

...72   .. 

....72  ... 

....75  . 

62   . 

13 

(( 

31 

..68  ... 

...72  .. 

70  .... 

, ...74   . 

63   . 

11 

RECORD  OF 

TEMPERATURE  AT 

ENSENADA, 

LOWER 

CALIFORNIA, 

AUGUST,  1887. 

Max.  for 

Min.  for 

Variation 

Date. 

8  a.m. 

12  m. 

4  p.m. 

24  hrs. 

24  hrs. 

for  24  hrs. 

Au^ 

.   1 

..65°... 

...73°.., 

....70°.... 

,...73°. 

60°. 

13° 

u 

2 

..65   ... 

. ..71   .., 

69   .... 

....72   . 

62   . 

10 

(( 

3 

..62   ... 

. ..70  ... 

70 

...72   . 

57   . 

15 

u 

4 

..60  ... 

...72  .., 

. . ..70   .... 

,...73   . 

59   . 

14 

a 

5 

..65   ... 

. ..72   ... 

. ...  70  . . . . 

, ...72  . 

62   . 

10 

(( 

6 

..64  ... 

...75   ... 

74  .... 

....78  . 

62   . 

16 

(( 

v.... 

..65  ... 

.  .  .75  . . , 

....74  .... 

, . ..76  . 

63   . 

13 

u 

8 

..66  ... 

.  ..69   .., 

....67  .... 

70  . 

62   . 

8 

(( 

9 

..65   ... 

.  ..70  .. 

69   ..., 

.  ...72  . 

62   . 

10 

u 

10 

..66   ... 

. ..74  .. 

.. ..73   .... 

. ...75  . 

65   . 

10 

APPENDIX  A.  105 

RECORD   OF  TEMPERATURE  AT  ENSENADA,  LOWER  CALIFORNIA,  AUGUST,  1887 


— Continued. 

Max.  for 

Min.  for 

Variation 

Date. 

8  a.m. 

12  m. 

4  p.m. 

24  hrs. 

24  hrs. 

for  24  hrs. 

Aug.  11... 

. ..68°... 

...71°.. 

...70° 

..77°.... 

64° 

13° 

"     12... 

. ..62   ... 

...  73  . . 

...74  

..74   .... 

62 

12 

"     13... 

.  ..64   ... 

. ..70  ... 

...69  

..71   .... 

63 

8 

"    14... 

. ..65   ... 

. ..73  ... 

. ..70  

..73   .... 

62 

11 

"    15... 

. ..65   ... 

...73  ... 

. ..70  

..75   .... 

64 

10 

"    16... 

. ..66   ... 

. ..72  ... 

. ..70  

..72   .... 

63 

9 

"    17... 

. ..65   ... 

...70  ... 

. ..69   

..70  .... 

59 

11 

"    18... 

. ..67   ... 

.  ..72   ... 

. ..70  

..73  .... 

63 

10 

"    19... 

. ..68   ... 

. ..72   ... 

...78   

..79  .... 

64 

15 

"    20... 

. ..69   ... 

. ..74  ... 

. ..79  

..79  .... 

....67   .... 

12 

"    21... 

.  . . 64   . . . 

...72  ... 

. ..72   

. .75  .... 

63 

12 

"    22... 

.  ..66   ... 

. ..75  ... 

. ..75   

..76   .... 

63 

13 

"    23... 

. ..66   .. . 

...70   ... 

. ..69   

..71   .... 

....64  .... 

....    7 

"    24... 

. ..67   ... 

. ..76   ... 

. ..70  

..71  .... 

65 

6 

"    25... 

. ..66  ... 

. ..71   ... 

. ..70  

..72  .... 

....57   .... 

15 

"    26... 

...67   ... 

...72   ... 

. ..69  

..73    .... 

59 

14 

"    27... 

. ..65   ... 

.. .72   ... 

. ..70  

..72  .... 

60 

10 

"    28... 

. ..65   ... 

...72   ... 

. ..70  

..73   .... 

....57   .... 

16 

"    29... 

...66   ... 

. ..71   ... 

. ..70  

..72   .... 

61   

11 

"    30... 

. . .68   ... 

. ..72   ... 

...71  

..72   .... 

62 

10 

"    31... 

.  ..62   ... 

. ..65   .. 

...67  

..72   .... 

....57    .... 

15 

TEMPERATURE   AT   ENSENADA  FOR  SEPTEMBER,  1887. 


Date. 

Maximum. 

Minimum. 

Variation. 

September  1 . .  . . 

72° 

60° 

12° 

"          2  .  .  .  . 

75 

62 

13 

"           3 

69 

60 

9 

"          4 

70 

61 

9 

"           5 

71   

62 

9 

"          6 

74 

56 

18 

7 . . . . 

78 

58 

20 

8 

73 

54 

19 

9 

71   

61    

10 

"        10 

71  

60 

11 

"        11 

70 

63 

7 

Rain. 


106 


APPENDIX  A. 


TEMPERATURE  AT  ENSENADA   FOR  SEPTEMBER,  1881— Continued. 


Date. 

Septembei 

•12. 
13. 

Maximum. 

72°.... 

72  .... 

Minimum. 

64° 

65 

Variation. 
.    8° 

.   7 

(( 

14. 

74  .... 

65 

.    9 

(( 

15. 

70  .... 

60 

.10 

(( 

16. 

73   .... 

64 

.    9 

u 

17. 

75   .... 

60 

.15 

(( 

18. 

74  .... 

63 

.11 

<( 

19. 

74  .... 

62 

.12 

. . .  Rain. 

u 

20. 

76  .... 

68 

.    8 

(( 

21. 

79  .... 

71 

.    8 

(( 

22. 

77  .... 

74 

.    3 

. .  .Rain. 

(( 

23. 

72  .... 

64 

.    8 

. . .  Rain. 

it 

24. 

72   .... 

62 

.10 

u 

25. 

72   .... 

62 

.10 

il 

26. 

72   .... 

62 

.10 

11 

27. 

72   .... 

64 

.    8 

11 

28. 

74  .... 

68 

.    6 

(( 

29. 

76   .... 

66 

.10 

u 

30. 

76  .... 

64 

.12 

TEMPERATURE   AT 

ENSENADA  FOR  OCTOBER 

,  1887. 

Date. 

October  1 

Maximum. 

72° 

Minimum. 

,.66° 

Variation. 
,...    6° 

(I 

2 

72 

..62 

,...10 

tl 

3 

72 

,.64 

,...8 

(( 

4 

72 

,.62 

,...10 

(( 

5 

76 

,.64 

...12 

(I 

6 

72 



,.64 

,...8 

il 

7 

72 

,.64 

,...8 

u 

8 

72 

.62 

...10 

n 

9 

72  

.60 

...12 

(( 

10 

74 

.62 

...12 

(( 

11 

76 

.63 

.  ..13 

(( 

12 

77  

.64 

...13 

(( 

13 

77 

.64 

...13 

(( 

14 

78 

.65 

...13 

« 

15 

76 

.64 

...12 

APPENDIX  A.  107 

TEMPERATURE   AT   ENSENADA   FOR  OCTOBER,  1881— Continued. 
Date.  Maximum.  Minimum.  Variation. 

October  16 76° 62° 14° 

17 75 62 13 

18 76 63 13 

19 79   65 14 

20 92   70 22 

21 96   70 26 

22 82   58   24 

23 76 55   21 

24 75 54 21 

25 82   58 24 

26 78   57 21 

27 76 50 26 

28 88 48 40 

29 89 60 29 

30 80 57 23 

31 78 48 30 


ENSENADA  WEATHER   REPORT  FOR  FEBRUARY 
Date.  8  a.m.  12  m.  4  p.m. 

Feb.  1 51° 61° 60°... 


2 52 60 60 

3 53 62 61 

4 54 64 62 

5 55 65 64 

6 55 66 65 

7 60 64 62 

8 60 63 61 

9 60 63 62 

10 61 64 63 

11 62 63 62 

12 63 64 62 

13 60 63 61 

14 61 63 60 

15 60 63 62 

16 61    63 62 

17 60 62 61 

18 60 62 61 


FEBRU 

ART,   1888. 

ximum. 

Minimum. 

Range 

62°... 

48° 

...14° 

62    ... 

49 

...  1 3 

63   ... 

50 

...13 

64  ... 

51 

...13 

66  ... 

54 

...12 

68  ... 

54 

...14 

64  ... 

....47   .... 

...17 

63  ... 

46 

...17 

64  ... 

50 

...14 

64  ... 

53 

...11 

63  ... 

55 

...    8 

64  ... 

56 

...    8 

64  ... 

57   .... 

...   7 

63  ... 

....57   .... 

...    6 

64  ... 

55 

...    9 

63  ... 

53 

...10 

62   ... 

45 

...17 

63  ... 

44 

...19 

108  APPENDIX  A. 


ENSENADA 

WEATHER 

REPORT  FOR 

FEBRUARY, 

18S8— Continued. 

Date.                    8  a.m. 

12  m. 

i  P.M. 

Maximum. 

Minimum. 

RaDge. 

eb.  19 57°. 

65° 

62°.. 

67°.. 

46° 

..21° 

"    20 56  . 

66 

63  .. 

66  ... 

45 

.21 

"     21 58  . 

66 

64  .. 

68  ... 

46 

.22 

"     22 58   . 

67 

67   .. 

70  ... 

48 

.22 

"     23 57   . 

69 

65   .. 

70  ... 

50 

.20 

"     24 60  . 

73 

69   .. 

73   ... 

50 

.23 

"     25 60  . 

74 

67   .. 

74  ... 

51    

.23 

"     26 61    . 

71 

68   .. 

72   ... 

50 

.22 

"     27 60   . 

68 

68  .. 

70  ... 

49 

.21 

"     28 60   . 

65 

60  .. 

65  ... 

45 

.20 

"     29 55   . 

62 

60  .. 

63   ... 

44 

.19 

Highest  temperature  for  month 74°. 

Lowest  temperature  for  month 44°. 

Variation  for  month 30°. 

Average  daily  variation 15.7°. 

Rainfall  during  month  of  February,  29th 78  inches. 

Season's  rainfall  to  date 8.71       " 


ENSENADA 

WEATHER 

REPORT 

FOR  MARCH, 

1888. 

Date. 

8  A.M. 

12  m. 

4  P.M. 

Maximum. 

Minimum. 

Range. 

arch  1 . . . 

...49° 

.57° 

..56°... 

....58°.... 

...40° 

...18° 

'       2... 

. ..50  

.59 

..57   ... 

60 

...42   

...18 

'       3.. 

...50  

.58 

..58   ... 

60 

...46  

...14 

'       4.. 

...55  

..60 

..58    ... 

60 

. . .48   

...12 

'       5.. 

...54   

.61   

..57   ... 

61   .... 

...44  

...17 

'       6.. 

. ..53   

.60 

..58   ... 

60 

...45   

..  .15 

'      7.. 

...54   

.60 

..55  ... 

61 

...52   

..  .    9 

'      8.. 

. ..55   

.59 

..55   ... 

60 

. . . 50  

..  .10 

'       9.. 

. ..55   

.60 

..56   ... 

61 

...51    

...10 

'     10.. 

. ..54   

.61 

..57   ... 

61 

...48   

...13 

'     11... 

...56  

.60 

. .58  ... 

61 

...47  .... 

...14 

'     12.. 

.  ..55 

.62 

. .69  ... 

62 

...46   

...16 

'     13.. 

. ..54  

.60 

..59  ... 

60 

...45  

...15 

'     14.. 

...53   

.62 

..62 

..60  ... 
..61    ... 

62 

63 

...47   .... 

...48  

...15 

'     15.. 

...55   

...15 

'     16.. 

...56  

..67 

..67   ... 

69 

...50  .... 

...19 

APPENDIX  A. 


109 


ENSENADA  WEATHER   REPORT   FOR  MARCH,   1888— Continued. 


Date 

8  a.m. 

12  m. 

i  P.M. 

Maximum. 

Minimum 

Range 

March 

17.... 

.55°.... 

..68°... 

63° 

..70°.. 

51°. 

19° 

18 

.57   .... 

..67   ... 

68   .... 

..70  .. 

49  . 

21 

19 

.58   .... 

...69  ... 

....67   .... 

..70  .. 

50  . 

20 

20 

.55 

..67  ... 

...65   

..67  .. 

49  . 

18 

21 

.54 

..65  ... 

65 

..67  .. 

48   . 

10 

22. . . . 

.55 

..64  ... 

...63   

..64  .. 

52   . 

12 

23 

.57   .... 

..62   ... 

61 

..63   .. 

51    . 

12 

24 

.56 

..62   ... 

...61    

..62  .. 

53   . 

9 

25 

.57   .... 

..61   ... 

...60  

..61   .. 

54   . 

7 

26 

.55 

..60  ... 

...57   .... 

..60  .. 

53   . 

7 

27.... 

.55 

..64   ... 

...63   .... 

..65  .. 

44   . 

21 

28 

.54 

..67   ... 

...64  

..67   .. 

48  . 

19 

29 

.60 

..68  ... 

...68   

..70  .. 

46  . 

24 

30.... 

.61    

..67   ... 

...66  

..67  .. 

49  . 

18 

31 63 67   ... 

Highest  temperature  for  r 

...65  

..68  .. 

50   . 

...70°. 

18 

nonth 

Lowest  temperature  for  month 

...40°. 

Variation  for  month .... 

...30°. 

Average  daily  variation  . 

...15.3°. 

Rainf 

all  during 

month  of  March,  1st  ,  . 
"        3d... 

.  .    .65  inches. 

.  .    .80 

( 

4th  .  . 

. .    .02        ' 

( 

"       7th  . . 

..    .70       ' 

< 

8th  .  . 

.  .    .25        ' 

( 

24th  . 

.  .    .10        ' 

( 

25th  . 

. .    .35 

26th  . 
"        27th . 

. .    .06       ' 
.  .    .42        ' 

Total 
Previ 

rainfall  for  month   . 
ously  reported 

3.35        ' 

..8.71 

Seaso 

n's  rainfall  to  date . . 

.12.06        ' 

I  append  here  some  tables  of  temperature,  taken  from  Dr.  Ben- 
nett's work,  "Winter  and  Spring  in  the  Mediterranean,"  and  also 
some  taken  from  my  own  book,  "  Cahfornia :  For  Health,  Pleasure, 
and  Residence."  They  may  serve  for  comparison  with  the  Ense- 
nada  reports. 


110 


APPENDIX  A. 


Observers  of  climate  in  different  parts  of  the  world  ought  to  settle 
upon  some  one  definite  system  for  recording  their  observations.  Until 
this  is  done  comparisons  will  be  made  with  difficulty.  Still,  persons 
interested  in  chmate  may  with  a  little  trouble  study  out  in  these 
tables  the  facts  they  need. 


TEMPERATURE  AT   MENTONE  FOR  FIFTEEN   WINTERS,   1859 

-74.     (Dr. 

Bennett.) 

Date. 

Min. 

Max. 

Date. 

Min. 

Max. 

November,  1859. 

..54.4° 

...61.4° 

December,  1859. 

...44.8° 

...55.6 

1860. 

..49.5 

...60.9 

1860. 

...44.3 

...59.2 

1861. 

...47.7 

...60.3 

1861. 

...43.4 

...54.8 

1862. 

...50.2 

...61.2 

1862. 

...42.6 

...54. 

1863. 

...50.5 

...63. 

1863. 

...44.3 

...51.7 

«           1864. 

...48. 

...60.8 

1864. 

...44.2 

...56.2 

1865. 

...50.8 

...60.3 

1865. 

...43.6 

...54.5 

1866. 

...50. 

...62.3 

1866. 

..45.7 

.  .  .55.7 

«'          1867. 

..47.9 

...62.2 

1867. 

...41.6 

...55.3 

«          1868. 

...46. 

...56.5 

1868. 

...48.8 

...58.7 

1869. 

...46.6 

...59. 

1869. 

...43.3 

...54.7 

"           1870. 

..48.5 

...59.4 

1870. 

..42. 

...52.1 

"          1871. 

..48. 

...57.6 

1871. 

...39.7 

...50.3 

1872. 

...51. 

...60.8 

1872. 

...48. 

...56.7 

«          1873. 

..48.8 

...56.3 

1873. 

...47.1 

...56.7 

January,  1860. .  . 

..44.8 

...52.8 

February 

I860.. 

..40. 

...55.9 

1861... 

..45.1 

...52.4 

1861.. 

..45.7 

...52.9 

"        1862... 

..43.2 

...50.7 

1862.. 

..41.9 

...55.8 

1863... 

..43.2 

...52.4 

1863.. 

..42.3 

...54.1 

1864... 

..38.2 

...48.7 

1864.. 

..41.9 

...53.6 

"         1865... 

..43. 

...55. 

1865.. 

.  .40.1   . 

...54. 

1866... 

..43.8 

...55.3 

1866.. 

.  .46.5 

...61.1 

"         1867... 

..43.8 

...54.1 

1867.. 

.  .45.4  . 

...56.9 

"         1868... 

..42.3 

...53.5 

1868.. 

.  .45. 

...56.7 

1869... 

..41.5 

...53.3 

1869.. 

..46.6  . 

...58.3 

1870... 

..40.7 

...53.2 

1870.. 

..4.3.4   . 

...55.4 

1871... 

..40.2 

...51.6 

1871.. 

..43.3   . 

...55.9 

1872... 

..44.5 

...55.3 

1872.. 

.  .46.1    . 

...57. 

«        1873... 

..44.7 

...54.5 

1873.. 

..41.3   . 

...53.8 

1874... 

..43.4 

...52.9 

1874.. 

..43.      . 

...54.6 

APPENDIX  A. 


Ill 


TEMPERATURE 

AT   MENTONE    FOR  FIFTEEN 

WINTERS, 

1859-74— 

Continued. 

Date. 

Min.                       Max. 

Date. 

Min. 

Max. 

March, 

1860 

.44.9° 59.8° 

April,  1860.  .  . 

.  ..51.2° 

67.5 

u 

1861 

.44.4 58.9 

u 

1861... 

...49.8 

66.9 

(( 

1862 

.46.7 61.9 

n 

1862... 

.  ..51.2 

68.5 

(( 

1863 

.45.4 58.9 

u 

1863... 

.  ..50.9 

67. 

u 

1864 

.45.4 62. 

il 

1864... 

...51.8 

66. 

u 

1865 

.40.5 57.3 

a 

1865... 

.  ..55.1 

66. 

u 

1866 

.44 60.6 

u 

1866... 

.  ..49. 

66.9 

li 

1867 

.47.2 62.4 

li 

1867... 

.  ..51.4 

68.4 

(( 

1868 

.45.2 59. 

u 

1868... 

.  ..49.5 

66.3 

a 

1869 

.41.5 56.7 

a 

1869... 

...48.9 

69.1 

ii 

1870 

.44.4 58.7 

u 

1870... 

.  ..49.1 

65.7 

ii 

1871 

.47.5 61. 

il 

1871... 

.  ..51.3 

67.4 

a 

1872 

.47.9 60.8 

u 

1872... 

...51.8 

68.5 

(1 

1873 

.48.5 61.2 

(( 

1873... 

.  ..49.8   . 

60. 

(( 

1874 

.46 56.7 

a 

1874... 

.  ..51.3   . 

60.5 

NILE  AND  MENTONE  TEMPERATURES  COMPARED  BY  DR.  BENNETT. 


MINIMUM. 

MAXIMUM. 

January. 

February. 

January. 

February. 

Nile.           Ment. 

Nile.           Ment. 

Nile. 

Ment. 

Nile.           Ment. 

1.. 

..38° 46°... 

.44° 41° 

1.. 

..67°. 

...53°... 

.73° 56° 

2.. 

..39 48   ... 

.43 43 

2.. 

..65  . 

...57   ... 

.74 56 

3.. 

..42 50  ... 

.47 37 

3.. 

..65  . 

...57  ... 

.83 50 

4.. 

..45 52   ... 

.49 38 

4.. 

..73   . 

...58   ... 

.85 50 

5.. 

..44 52   ... 

.44 36 

5.. 

..76  . 

...60  ... 

.80 50 

6.. 

..39 51    ... 

.42 38 

6.. 

..75  . 

...57  ... 

.85 54 

7.. 

..40 47   ... 

.50 40 

7.. 

..77  . 

. . . 53   ... 

.67 56 

8.. 

..39 43   ... 

.48 40 

8.. 

..75  . 

...51    ... 

.66 56 

9.. 

..43 43  ... 

.50 37 

9.. 

..82   . 

..49   ... 

.68   ....56 

10.. 

..45 43  ... 

.40 42 

10.. 

..70  . 

..52   ... 

.64   ....57 

11.. 

..44 48  ... 

.38 43 

11.. 

..69  . 

..53    ... 

.75 56 

12.. 

..41   48  ... 

.43 41 

12.. 

..75  . 

..52   ... 

.77   ....55 

13.. 

..43 43   ... 

.44 38 

13.. 

..76  . 

..50   ... 

.80 53 

14.. 

..43 43   ... 

.43 39 

14.. 

..79  . 

..51    ... 

.81    55 

15.. 

..44 46  ... 

.42 38 

15.. 

..66  . 

..54   .. . 

.84 57 

16.. 

..43 43  ... 

.50 39 

16.. 

..70  . 

..51    ... 

.86 57 

17.. 

..51    42   ... 

.50 42 

17.. 

..77  . 

. . 53   ... 

.88 55 

112 


APPENDIX  A. 


NILE  AND   MENTONE  TEMPERATURES   COMPARED   BY   DR.  BEl!iKETT— Continued. 


MINIMUM. 

Jantaky. 

February. 

Nile.           Ment. 

Nile.          Ment. 

18.. 

..49°.... 45°... 

.55°.. 

..39° 

19.. 

..44  . 

..45   ... 

.40   .. 

..39 

20.. 

..45   . 

..47   ... 

.40   .. 

..38 

21.. 

..45   . 

..45   ... 

.50  .. 

..37 

22.. 

..45  . 

..45  ... 

.45   .. 

..42 

23.. 

..51    . 

..44   ... 

.50   .. 

..40 

24.. 

..50  . 

..40   .. . 

.40  .. 

..40 

25.. 

..50   . 

..43   .. . 

.40   .. 

..42 

26.. 

..51    . 

..40  ... 

.49  .. 

..42 

27.. 

..48  . 

..40   ... 

.48   .. 

..42 

28.. 

..46   . 

..42   ... 

.40   .. 

..43 

29.. 

..45   . 

..41    ... 

.49  .. 

..44 

30.. 

..51   . 

..41   ... 

. —  . . 

.  . — 

31.. 

..42   . 

..42   ... 

. —  . . 

.  . — 

18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
30. 
31. 


MAXIMUM. 
January. 
Nile.  Ment. 


.73°. 
.67  . 
.73  . 
.73  . 
.76  . 
.75  . 
.75  . 
.78  . 
.82  . 
.75  . 
.71  . 
.76  . 
.75  . 
.82   . 


.53= 

.53 

.50 

.51 

.53 

.48 

.50 

.49 

.50 

.49 

.51 

.51 

.48 

.52 


February. 
Nile.  Ment. 


.90°, 
.66  . 
.70  . 
.74  . 
.77  . 
.74  . 
.79  . 
.80  . 
.74  . 
.65  . 
.65  . 
.66   . 


.55= 

.57 

.55 

.54 

.57 

.55 

.57 

.58 

.57 

.55 

.61 

.62 


MEAN   MAXIMUM  TEMPERATURE   IN   THE   SHADE   ON   THE   NILE,  AND  AT  MA- 
DEIRA, MALAGA,  AND   MENTONE,  IN  JANUARY  AND  FEBRUARY,  1860. 

January.  February. 

Nile   72° 75° 

Madeira   66 67 

Malaga 58 58 

Mentone 52.8 55.9 

Dr.  Betmett. 


VARIOUS  FOREIGN  CLIMATES  (FROM   DR.  BENNETT). 


Cairo 

IVIadeira 

St.  Michael's  (Azores) 

Naples 

IVIentone 

Rome 

Nice 

Florence 

Avignon 

Montpelier 

Pau 


ilEAN  TEMPERATURE  OP   MONTHS. 


Jan.      Feb.      Mar.     April.    May     June.    July.     Aug.     Sept.      Oct.     Nov.      Dec 


58.10 
59.71 
59.00 
46.50 
48.02 
47.65 
45.85 
41.00 
42.00 
42.00 
41.20 


58  77. 
86  62. 
50  61. 
00  57. 
00  57. 
05  56. 
45  57. 


80i51 


90  78 
03  63. 
00<53. 
00  66. 
02  63. 
40  64. 
00  63. 
00  64. 
00  66. 
00  60. 
80  61. 


26  83. 
44  66. 

00  67. 
50;  71. 
00:70. 
5069. 
0069. 
00169. 
00;  72. 
00,67. 
60;68. 


66  85.82  85.82 


00 

50 

00 

02169. 

3069. 

00|70. 

00  67. 


1672. 
28  66. 
00  63. 
5065. 
00  64 
50  63. 
3561. 


96  61.34 
9661.44 
00  55.60 
50.50 
49.00 
49.62 
48.60 
47.00 
43.30 
46.00 
42.80 


APPENDIX  A. 


113 


TEMPERATURE  AT  AIKEN,  SOUTH  CAROLINA,  TAKEN  AT  9  A.M.,  12  M.,  AND  3*  P.M., 

FOR  DECEMBER,  1870. 


Average  temperature 45° 

"         difference  of  wet  and  dry 

bulb 4° 

Maximum 61° 

Minimum 18° 

Bright  sunshine 15  days. 

Sunshine  and  clouds 6     " 

Cloudy  all  day 10     " 

Total 31  days. 

Rain  on  four  of  the  above  cloudy 

days. 
Snow  on  one  of  the  above    cloudy 

days. 
Strong  wind,  eight  days. 


JANUARY,  1871. 

Average  temperature 55° 

"         difference  of  wet  and  dry 

bulb 6° 

Maximum 69° 

Minimum 33° 

Bright  sunshine 14  days. 

Sunshine  and  clouds  ....  10     " 
Cloudy  all  day 7     " 

Total 31  days. 

Rain  on  three  of  the  above  cloudy 

days. 
Strong  wind,  eight  days. 


TAKEN  AT  9  A.M.,  12  M.,  AND  5  P.M.,  FOR 
FEBRUARY,  1871. 

Average  temperature 57J° 

"         difference  of  wet  and  dry 

bulb 5° 

Maximum 80° 

Minimum 38° 

Bright  sunshine 12  days. 

Sunshine  and  clouds  ....    6     " 
Cloudy  all  day 10     " 

Total 28  days. 

Rain  on  seven  of  the  above  cloudy 

days 
Strong  wind,  sixteen  days. 


MARCH,  1871. 

Average  temperature 65° 

"         difference  of  wet  and  dry 

bulb 7^° 

Maximum 85° 

Minimum 43° 

Bright  sunshine 17  days. 

Sunshine  and  clouds  ....    5     " 
Cloudy  all  day 9     " 

Total 31  days. 

Rain   on  six    of   the   above   cloudy 

days. 
Strong  wind,  ten  days. 


114 


APPENDIX  A. 


TEMPERATURE  AT  SAN  BERNARDINO,  CALIFORNIA,  TAKEN  AT  9  A.M.,  12  M.,  AND 

5  P.M.,  NOVEMBER,  1871. 


WET 

DRY 

DIFFER- 

wnsD. 

REJIARKS. 

D.\TE. 

BULB. 

BCLB. 

ESCK. 

53° 

70° 

17° 

S.   Light. 

Bright  sunshine. 

Nov.  8,  1871. 

50 

62 

12 

S.E.   " 

"             " 

"      9,     " 

54 

67 

13 

S.E.   Very  light. 

"             " 

"    10,     " 

50 

54 

4 

E. 

j  Clouds  and  rain  from  1  p.m.  ) 
(         till  8  P.M.                          f 

"    11,     " 

56 

68 

12 

S.   Light. 

Bright  sunshine. 

"    12,     " 

50 

63 

13 

S.W.    Light. 

"             " 

"    13,     " 

52 

64 

12 

s.w. 

"             " 

1,    14^     .. 

50 

64 

14 

S.   Very  light. 

"             " 

"    15,     " 

53 

66 

14 

S.       "       " 

"             " 

"    16,     " 

50 

67 

11 

W.    Light. 

"             " 

"    17,     " 

50 

64 

14 

W.       ° 

"             " 

"    18,     " 

57 

65 

8 

S.W.  Very  light. 

"             " 

"    19,     " 

55 

68 

13 

N.    Strong. 

"             " 

"    20,     " 

51 

68 

17 

S.   Light. 

"              " 

"    21,     " 

61 

78 

17 

N.E.    Strong. 

i<             11 

"    22,     " 

57 

70 

13 

S.   Light. 

"              " 

"    23,     " 

55 

65 

10 

S.       ^' 

i  Sunshine  and  clouds,  a  light ) 
<      shower    fifteen    minutes,  [■ 
(      and  rain  at  night.                 ) 

"    24,     " 

56 

60 

4 

S.       " 

"    25,     " 

57 

61 

4 

W.    Strong. 

Cloudy  and  rain  from  3  p.m.  ' 

"    26,     " 

56 

60 

4 

W.   Light. 

j  Showery  until  1  p.m.,  then  | 
(      sunshine.                              f 

"    27,     " 

50 

56 

6 

W.   Very  light. 

Sunshine  and  clouds. 

"    28,     " 

50 

56 

6 

N.   Light. 

"                " 

"    29,     " 

46 

59 

13 

N.    Strong. 

Bright  sunshine. 

"    30,     " 

251=11°.    Difiference  between  wet  and  dry  bulb. 
1469=64°.     Average  temperature. 
Maximum,  79°;  minimum,  45°. 


DECEMBER,  1871. 


48 

61 

13 

N.   Very  light. 

Bright  sunshine. 

48 

58 

10 

S.        " 

"            " 

52 

62 

10 

N.E.    Very  light. 

"            " 

52 

67 

15 

N. 

It           11 

55 

71 

16 

N.W.   Light. 

.<           11 

57 

69 

12 

S.W.    Very  light. 

11           <i 

52 

67 

15 

N.W.    Strong. 

11           11 

51 

67 

16 

S.    Light. 

11           11 

51 

67 

16 

N.W.    Light. 

•  1           i< 

50 

64 

14 

N.W. 

11           11 

51 

68 

17 

N.    Light. 

11           11 

49 

63 

14 

N.E.     Very  strong. 

11           11 

51 

67 

16 

N.E.   Strong. 

"            " 

52 

63 

11 

N.E.    Very  light. 

Sunshine  and  clouds. 

53 

67 

14 

S.   Very  light. 

Bright  sunshine. 

53 

58 

5 

S.       "       " 

j  Sunshine   and   clouds, 
(      rain  at  night. 

and  ) 

53 

55 

2 

E.   Light. 

Sunshine  and  clouds. 

55 

65 

10 

S.   Very  light. 

Bright  sunshine. 

Dec. 


1,  1871. 

2,  " 

3,  " 

4,  " 

5,  " 

6,  " 

7,  " 

8,  " 

9,  " 

10,  " 

11,  " 

12,  " 

13,  " 

14,  " 

15,  " 

16,  " 

17,  " 

18,  " 


APPENDIX  A. 


115 


DECEMBER—  Continued. 


WET 

DRY 

DIFFER- 

BULB. 

BULB. 

ENCE. 

WIND. 

REMARKS. 

DATE. 

54° 

63° 

9° 

S. 

Very  light. 

Bright  sunshine.                         Dec.  19, 1871. 

55 

66 

11 

s. 

"        " 

"            " 

'    20, 

54 

56 

2 

s. 

Strong. 

Rain  all  day. 

'    21, 

48 

52 

4 

E. 

Light. 

Sunshine  and  clouds. 

'    22, 

49 

51 

2 

s. 

" 

Rain  until  3  p.m. 

'    23, 

54 

54 

0 

s. 

Very  light. 

Rain  all  day. 

'    24, 

55 

58 

3 

s. 

"        " 

Sunshine  and  clouds. 

'    25, 

54 

59 

4 

s. 

"         " 

"                " 

'    26, 

52 

56 

4 

s. 

<<        <. 

i<                <. 

'    27, 

56 

57 

1 

s. 

Strong. 

Rain  until  1  p.m. 

'    28, 

55 

57 

2 

s. 

Very  light. 

Cloudy  all  day. 

'    29, 

53 

56 

3 

s. 

"        " 

Sunshine  and  clouds.                ! 

'    30, 

56 

57 

1 

N.E.  " 

Rain  all  day.                             1 

'    31, 

272=8f°.     Difference  between  wet  and  dry  bulb. 
1899=61i°.     Average  temperature. 
Maximum,  80°;  minimum,  43°. 


JANUARY,  1872. 


51 
51 
51 
48 
49 
52 
50 
49 
53 
55 
53 
54 
53 
58 
58 
58 
54 
56 
51 
54 
52 
53 
51 
50 
49 
44 
47 
49 
48 
49 
54 


53 
55 
56 
57 
56 
59 
56 
58 
56 
59 
60 
60 
61 
65 
65 
65 
62 
63 
60 
60 
61 
60 
59 
60 
59 
53 
55 
56 
55 
56 
56 


10 
10 


Very  light. 


btrong. 

Litrht. 
N.E.    Light. 
S.    Light. 


Strong. 
Light. 
Strong. 
Light. 


S.W. 

S.W. 

S.W.    Very  light. 

S.W.       " 

S.W. 

N.    Strong. 

N.    Light. 

N.    Very  strong. 

N.    Strong. 

S.W.    Light. 

S.W. 

S.W. 

N.    Very  strong. 

N.E.    Strong. 

S.    Light. 

S. 

S. 

s. 

S.W.  " 

S.    Very  light. 


1     Cloudy  most  of  the  day. 

Jan.  1,  1872 

Bright  sunshine. 

"    2,      " 

Sunshine  and  clouds. 

"    3.      " 

Bright  sunshine. 

"     4,      " 

Sunshine  and  clouds. 

0, 

"    6.      " 

"    7,      " 
"    8,      " 

Cloudy  all  day. 

Rain  all  day. 

"    9,      " 

Sunshine  and  clouds. 

"  10,      " 

Bright  sunshine. 

"  11,      " 

<<            << 

"  12,      ". 

"            " 

"  13,      " 

"            " 

"  14,      " 

"            " 

"  15.      " 

"            " 

"  16,      " 

"            " 

"  17,      " 

"            " 

"  18.      " 

"            " 

"  19,      " 

"            " 

"  20,      " 

"            " 

"  21,      " 

Cloudy  all  day. 

"  22,      " 

Sunshine  and  clouds. 

"  23,      " 

"                " 

"  24,      " 

Bright  sunshine. 

"  25,      " 

"            " 

"  26,      " 

"            " 

"  27,      " 

"            " 

"  28,      " 

"            " 

"  29,      " 

"            " 

"  30,     " 

Cloudy  all  day. 

"  31,      " 

210=6f°.     Difference  between  wet  and  dry  bulb. 
1798=58°.     Average  temperature. 
Maximum,  07°;  minimum,  38°. 


116 


APPENDIX   A. 


FEBRUARY,  1872. 


WET 

DRY 

DIFFER- 

WIND. 

REMARKS. 

DATE. 

nrLB. 

nl'LB. 

ENCE. 

51° 

54° 

3° 

S.    Very  light. 

Sunshine  and  clouds. 

Feb.  1,  1872. 

54 

60 

6 

S.       "        " 

Cloudy  all  day. 

"     2,     " 

56 

60 

4 

S.       " 

Bright  sunshine. 

"     3,     " 

44 

57 

3 

S.       " 

Sunshine  and  clouds. 

"     4,     " 

48 

61 

13 

N.    Strong. 

Bright  sunshine. 

"     5,     " 

48 

63 

15 

N.E.    Very  light. 

"            " 

"     6,     " 

51 

63 

12 

N. 

"            " 

"     7,     " 

53 

64 

11 

W. 

"     8,     " 

54 

59 

5 

S.W.   Light. 

Sunshine  and  clouds. 

"     9,     " 

55 

64 

9 

S.W.   Very  light. 

Bright  sunshine. 

"  10,     " 

55 

61 

6 

S.W.    Light. 

"            ' 

"   11,     " 

54 

61 

7 

S.W. 

"            ' 

"   12,     " 

53 

66 

13 

N.E. 

"            ' 

"  13,     " 

55 

67 

12 

S.W. 

"            ' 

"  14,     " 

55 

67 

12 

S.W.    Very  light. 

"            ' 

"   15,     " 

57 

68 

11 

S.W.    Light. 

"            ' 

"  16,     " 

60 

72 

12 

S.W.    Very  light. 

"            ' 

"  17,     " 

61 

74 

13 

S.W.    Light. 

"            ' 

"  18,     " 

55 

67 

12 

N.    Strong. 

"            ' 

"  19,     " 

56 

74 

18 

N.W.    Light. 

"            ' 

"  20,     " 

56 

69 

13 

S.W. 

"            ' 

"  21,     " 

51 

53 

2 

s. 

j  Rain  till  12  M.,  then  sunshine  ) 
(      and  clouds.                          ) 

"  22,     " 

53 

60 

7 

S.W. 

Bright  sunshine. 

"  23,     " 

48 

51 

3 

S.W.    strong. 

Rain  most  of  the  day. 

"  24,     " 

48 

53 

5 

S.W.    Light. 

Sunshine  and  clouds. 

"  25.     " 

50 

56 

6 

S.W. 

Bright  sunshine. 

"  26,     " 

51 

58 

7 

S.W. 

Sunshine  and  clouds. 

"  27,     " 

46 

52 

6 

S.W. 

"                " 

"  28,     •' 

48 

59 

11 

N.    Strong. 

Bright  sunshine. 

"  29,     " 

257=8^°.     Difference  between  wet  and  dry  bulb. 
1793=62.     Average  temperature. 
Maximum,  81°;  minimum,  47°. 


MARCH,  1872. 


54 
55 
59 
61 
55 
51 
56 
53 
54 
61 
59 
52 
52 
55 
64 
52 
52 
63 


64 

10 

67 

12 

71 

12 

71 

10 

59 

4 

56 

5 

63 

7 

62 

9 

60 

6 

70 

9 

68 

9 

60 

8 

62 

10 

62 

7 

69 

5 

59 

7 

64 

12 

70 

7 

Light. 
Very  light. 


W. 

W. 

E. 

W.       " 

W.    Light. 

S.W.     " 

W. 

W.    Strong. 

W. 

S.    Light. 

S.W.    Verylignt. 

S.W.    Light. 

N. 

S. 

S.W. 

S.W. 

W.    Very  light. 

S.    Light. 


Bright  sunshine. 


Sunshine  and  clouds. 
Bright  sunshine. 


Mar.  1,  1872. 


3, 
4, 
5, 
6, 

7, 
8, 
9, 
10, 
11, 
12, 
13, 
14, 
15, 
16, 
17, 
18, 


APPENDIX  A. 


117 


MARCH,  1812— Continued. 


WET 

DRY 

DIFPER- 



BULB. 

BULB. 

EiVCE. 

WIND. 

REMARKS. 

DATE. 

55° 

61° 

6° 

S.    Light. 

Bright  sunshine.                          Mar.  19.  1872. 

54 

62 

8 

W.    Very  light. 

"             " 

'        20,       " 

56 

63 

7 

S.W.    Light. 

<i             (< 

'       21,       " 

57 

62 

5 

S.E.    Strong. 

"             " 

'     22,    " 

56 

63 

7 

S.W.       " 

Sunshine  and  clouds. 

'     23,    " 

55 

63 

8 

S.    Light. 

Bright  sunshine. 

'     24,    " 

57 

64 

7 

N.W.    Strong. 

"            " 

'     25,    " 

58 

66 

8 

W.   Light. 

"            " 

'    26,    " 

60 

68 

8 

W.       " 

"            " 

'     27,    " 

55 

62 

7 

W. 

<i            << 

'     28,    " 

56 

62 

6 

S.W.    Very  light. 

" 

'     29,    " 

57 

65 

8 

S.W.    Light. 

"            " 

'     30,    " 

57 

67 

10 

W.    Strong. 

"            " 

'     31,    " 

244=7^°.     Difference  between  wet  and  dry  bulb. 
1985=64.     Average  temperature. 
Maximum,  80°;  minimum,  51°. 


SANTA  BARBARA. 

I  take  the  following  table  of  mean  temperature  for  the  year  from 
the  Smita  Barbara  Press : 

MONTHLY  MEAN,  1870-1. 


April, 

average  of  3  daily  observations  60. 62° 

Oct.,  average  of  3  daily  observations  65.96 

May, 

62.35 

Nov.,       "                "                "            61.22 

June, 

65.14 

Dec,        "                "                "           52.12 

July, 

71.49 

Jan.,         "                "                "            .54.51 

Aug., 

72.12 

Feb..        "                "               "            .53.35 

Sept., 

68.08 

March,     "                "                "           58.42 

Average  temperatur 

3  for  the  year,  60.20°. 

COLDEST  DAY. 

WARMEST  DAY. 

April  12th,  60°. 

April  16th,  74°. 

May  15th.  66°. 

May  23d,  77°. 

June  1st,  69°. 

June  3d,  80°. 

July  26th,  76°. 

July  11th,  84°. 

August  11th,  77°. 

August  8th,  86°. 

September  23d,  66°. 

September  27th,  90°. 

October  23d,  60°. 

October  20th,  92°. 

November  7th,  64°. 

November  20th,  87°. 

December  loth,  52°. 

December  28th.  71°. 

January  11th,  56°. 

January  3d,  76°. 

February  22d,  42°. 

February  28lh,  71°. 

March  13th,  56°. 

March  27th,  83°. 

Coldest  day  in  the  year,  February  22d,  42°. 
Warmest  day  in  the  year,  October  20th,  92°. 
Variation,  50°. 


APPENDIX  B. 

THE  TIMBER  REGION  OF  THE  PENINSULA. 
From  the  Ensenada  ^^  Lower  CalifornianP 

THE   SAN   PEDRO   MARTIR   PINE   REGION. 

From  Col.  D.  K.  Allen's  notes  in  his  report  to  the  International 
Company,  we  are  permitted  to  take  the  following  figures  relating  to 
the  pine  region  of  San  Pedro  Martir : 

Large  trees  per  acre 25 

Small      "  "        10 

Average  number  of  logs  per  tree 3 

"        diameter  of  each 2  ft.  9  in. 

Length  of  logs 12  feet 

Number  of  Norway  pine  per  acre 17 

"          white        "          "          4 

"          fir-trees                "          3 

"           red  cedar             "          1 

Total 25 

Number  of  dead  trees  per  acre 3 

"  trees  down      "       2 

Total  number  of  Norway  pine-trees 8,500,000 

"                    white             "          2,000,000 

"                   fir-trees 1,500,000 

"                   red  cedar-trees 500,000 

Total  number  of  trees  on  San  Pedro 12,500,000 


APPENDIX  B.  119 

Total  number  of  logs  on  San  Pedro 37,500,000 

"                   feet  of  lumber 18,750,000,000 

"                   cords  of  wood  (4  feet) 200,000,000 

"                   small  trees 5,000,000 

Average  fall  of  snow,  4  to  8  feet. 

"        time  it  lies  on  ground,  4  to  20  weeks. 
"        rainfall  in  summer,  20  to  30  inches. 

The  above  estimates  of  trees,  logs,  and  lumber  do  not  include 
the  Ulalie  section  of  San  Pedro  Martir,  which  has  an  area  of  about 
100,000  acres. 

The  summer  of  188Y  had  fifty-three  rains,  or  thirty  and  a  quarter 
inches  of  water.  June  had  three  inches,  July  seven  inches,  August 
eight  inches,  September  twelve  inches. 

Colonel  Allen  spent  seventy-six  days  on  the  above  work,  and  trav- 
elled 1,510  miles. 

It  will  pay  to  build  a  branch  from  the  Yuma  line  up  to  the 
pines,  although  Colonel  Allen  says  that  it  is  practicable  to  dam 
the  streams  and  float  the  logs,  wood,  and  lumber  down  to  where 
it  is  wanted,  or  to  the  points  where  the  Coast  Line  Railroad  will 
cross  those  streams.  Colonel  Allen  followed  every  stream  on  San 
Pedro  Martir  from  its  mouth  to  its  head,  to  the  very  uppermost 
spring,  and  therefore  is  well  prepared  to  express  an  opinion  on  this 
subject. 

The  great  mountain  San  Pedro  Martir  lies  about  100  miles  in  a 
direct  line  south-east  of  Ensenada,  75  miles  due  east  of  San  Quintin, 
and  30  miles  west  of  the  Gulf  of  California.  The  mountain  proper  is 
about  110  miles  in  length  and  from  15  to  30  wide.  The  range  of  which 
San  Pedro  is  the  king  is  about  160  miles  long  and  20  to  40  miles  in 
width.  We  gather  these  facts  from  Col.  D.  K.  Allen,  Land  Inspector 
for  the  International  Company,  who  spent  two  and  a  half  months 
in  a  careful  examination  of  that  region,  and  is  probably  the  first 
white  man,  if  not  the  only  one,  who  has  visited  every  section  of  that 
vast  pine  forest.  Others  have  been  there  for  a  day  or  so,  visited  one 
7 


120  APPENDIX  B. 

or  two  points,  and  then  returned.  Colonel  Allen  travelled  over  one 
thousand  five  hundred  miles  and  examined  nearly  every  portion  of 
the  country  carefully  and  in  detail,  and  from  him  we  learn  that  the 
pine  belt  is  from  60  to  75  miles  in  length  and  15  to  25  miles  in 
width — an  area  of  nearly  one  million  acres,  one-half  of  which  is  cov- 
ered with  good  pine. 

Colonel  Allen  measured  fifty-four  acres,  taken  as  an  average  of 
the  entire  region,  in  different  sections,  and  found  that  the  aver- 
age number  of  trees  to  the  acre  was  twenty -four  large  and  eight 
small  ones,  the  large  ones  averaging  two  feet  in  diameter,  with  three 
logs  to  the  tree,  each  log  being  twelve  feet  in  length.  Two  trees 
that  had  lately  fallen  were  measured.  One  was  180  feet  long, 
8  feet  in  diameter  at  the  butt,  50  feet  to  the  first  hmb,  where  it 
was  5^  feet  in  diameter.  The  other  tree  was  201  feet  in  length, 
8  feet  2  inches  in  diameter  at  the  butt,  65  feet  to  the  first  limb, 
where  it  was  5  feet  in  diameter.  Red  cedar  and  fir  trees  were  also 
found  that  measured  25  feet  in  circumference  18  inches  from  the 
ground. 

The  highest  point  reached  was  12,800  feet.  The  Palomas  reach 
an  altitude  1200  to  1500  feet  still  higher.  In  many  places  the  surface 
of  the  country  was  found  to  be  as  level  as  a  prairie,  the  pasturage 
magnificent.  The  wild  oats  and  rj'-e,  buffalo,  bunch,  and  other  varie- 
ties of  grasses  were  knee-high  to  the  mules.  Deer,  black  and  white 
tail,  and  mouse-deer,  seen  by  the  hundred ;  antelope  abound  on  the 
mesas  south,  and  mountain  sheep  near  Rosarito  in  the  south-west. 
Large  streams  of  water  abound  everywhere,  and  springs  were  found 
at  an  altitude  of  11,000  feet.  It  rained  five  times  in  June,  fifteen  in 
July,  seventeen  in  August,  and  sixteen  in  September.  A  little  over 
thirty  inches  of  water  fell  in  these  rains. 

Most  of  these  rains  were  accompanied  by  thunder  and  lightning. 
Only  four  trees  were  found  that  had  been  struck  by  lightning  during 
the  present  season,  and  seven  the  year  before.  One  place  was  found 
where  thirty-three  trees  on  one  acre  had  been  struck  by  hghtning. 
Brook  trout  were  seen  in  two  streams. 


'^':i:  * 


APPENDIX   B. 


123 


The 

'oUowing  tree-measurements  were 

carefully  made : 

FIRST   ACRE. 

1                       SECOND    ACRE. 

THIRD    ACRE. 

Trees.          Circumference. 

Trees.          Circumference. 

Trees.               Diameter. 

1 6  ft.    7  in. 

1 12   ft.     1   in. 

1 10  ft.    8  in. 

2... 

6  ' 

i      2    u 

2 11   "      9    ' 

2... 

9  ' 

'     6    " 

3... 

8   ' 

'     6    » 

3 11    "   11     ' 

3... 

8   ' 

'      8    " 

4... 

8  ' 

'     0    " 

4 5   "      1     ' 

4... 

7  ' 

'     4    " 

5... 

10  ' 

'      1    " 

5 8   "      5    ' 

5... 

8  ' 

'     8    " 

6... 

6  ' 

'  10    " 

6 10  "   10    ' 

6... 

6  ' 

'     8    " 

7... 

6  ' 

'     8    " 

7 10  "     8    ' 

7... 

9  ' 

'     8    " 

8... 

5  ' 

'     4    " 

8 8  "     4    ' 

8... 

10  ' 

'     4    " 

9... 

12   ' 

'     6    " 

9 3   "     4    ' 

9... 

9  ' 

'     2    " 

10... 

7  ' 

'     4    " 

10 6  "     9    ' 

10... 

.      5  ' 

'     4    " 

11 

12  ' 

'  11    " 

11 11   "     0    ' 

11... 

9  ' 

'     9    " 

12... 

8   ' 

'     7    " 

12 11   "     0    ' 

12... 

8  ' 

'     2    " 

13.... 

7  ' 

'  10    " 

13 15  "     6    ' 

13... 

9  ' 

'     9    " 

14... 

12  ' 

i     8    " 

14 5  "     3    ' 

14... 

11   ' 

i     8    " 

15 

8  ' 

'   11    " 

15 12   "     4    ' 

15... 

17  ' 

'     9    " 

16..., 

11   ' 

'     1    " 

16 11   "     6    ' 

16... 

12  ' 

'     7    " 

17... 

10  ' 

i      2    " 

17 9  "     0    ' 

Av.  dia.     9  ' 

'     4    " 

Av.  dia 

.      3   ' 

'     0    " 

Av.  dia.     3  "     3    ' 

Averaging  four  logs  to  each  tree. 

The  first  two  acres  are  yellow  pine,  the  third  white  pine.  Later 
on  we  shall  give  the  measurement  of  cedar  and  spruce,  also  of  a  few 
acres  of  trees  including  the  largest  number  of  them. 

The  railroad  to  Yuma  will  pass  within  thirty  miles  of  the  north 
end,  the  best  portion  of  this  fine  belt  of  pine.  Colonel  Allen  carefully 
looked  over  the  route  from  San  Matias  Canon  and  Valle  Trinidad  to 
the  pines  for  a  railroad.  He  says  there  are  no  difficulties  in  the  first 
twenty  miles,  and  that  there  will  not  be  more  than  eight  to  ten  miles 
of  heavy  work,  and  this  not  of  the  heaviest  kind.  He  thinks  there 
may  be  three  to  five  miles  of  very  heavy  work.  The  San  Rafael 
River  has  five  branches,  every  one  of  which  he  followed  from  its  source 
to  the  main  stream,  and  he  thinks  that  by  building  two  or  three  small 
and  inexpensive  dams  water  enough  can  be  stored  to  float  all  of  these 
logs  down  to  the  upper  San  Rafael  Valley,  or  to  the  point  where  the 
San  Quintin  wagon -road  crosses  the  San  Rafael  at  Dwarty's;  that 
this  same  water  can  be  taken  from  there  to  irrigate  all  of  the  north 
and  south  grand  mesas — 210,000  acres  of  splendid  land. 


APPENDIX  C. 

THE  RECENT  GOLD  DISCOVEEIES  ON  THE  PENINSULA. 
From  the  San  Diego  "  Sun.''' 

Gold  in  considerable  quantities  has  been  received  in  this  city  from 
the  placer  mines  of  the  Real  del  Castillo,  Lower  California,  since  the 
beginning  of  the  rainy  season.  The  gold  found  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Real  is  coarse  and  of  fine  quaUty,  valued  at  a  little  over  twenty  dol- 
lars per  ounce.  For  years  past  gold  has  been  taken  out  by  Indians 
and  others  during  rainy  seasons  or  at  times  when  there  was  stand- 
ing water  in  the  gulches.  The  most  primitive  means  of  mining  were 
used,  namely,  the  batia,  or  wooden  pan,  pick,  and  shovel.  Wealthy 
syndicates  from  time  to  time  endeavored  to  obtain  a  foothold  and  in- 
troduce modern  apphances,  but  owing  to  the  laws  of  Mexico  then  in 
force,  a  concession  could  not  be  obtained,  so  that  these  grand  pros- 
pects were  repeatedly  abandoned.  It  was  not  until  the  laws  were 
changed  that  an  extensive  mineral  concession  was  obtained  by  T. 
Masac,  under  which  the  Lower  Cahfornia  Mining  Company  was  incor- 
porated, with  a  capital  stock  of  $5,000,000.  The  company  is  a  home 
institution,  and,  backed  as  it  is,  will  prove  its  faith  by  its  works.  Al- 
ready a  considerable  amount  of  mining  machinery  has  been  purchased, 
and  the  determination  expressed  by  its  managers  to  have  a  plant  of 
hydrauHc  giants  at  work  before  the  close  of  the  present  year.  Prac- 
tical as  well  as  scientific  miners  have  reported  favorably  upon  the 
property,  so  that  an  assurance  of  success  is  fairly  guaranteed.  There 
are,  besides  placers,  many  fine  quartz  gold-ledges  which  will  be  worked 
simultaneously,  so  that  the  outlook  for  the  company  is  flattering. 


APPENDIX  C.  225 

From  the  Ensenada  ''''Lower  Californian.''^ 

DISTANCES   TO   THE   GOLD-MINES. 

From  Ensenada  to  Real  del  Castillo 30  miles 

"  "            Jacalitos  via  Real  del  Castillo 45  " 

"  "            Juarez         "             "                 and  Jacalitos 75  " 

"  "            CampNa'l"             "                   "    Hansons Y5  " 

"  "            Socorro       "             "                   "    Trinidad 160  " 

"  "                 "            "  Santo  Tomas  and  San  Telmo 145  " 

"  "            Valledares  via         "             "             "          140  " 

"                    "          "    Real  del  C.  and  V.  Trinidad 165  " 

"  '*            Rosarito      "             "             "             "         200  " 

"  "            AguaDulce"             "             "             "         250  " 

"  "                    "          "    Santo  Tomas  and  San  Telmo 230  " 

"  "            San  Quintin  overland 161  " 

"  "                     "             by  water 110  " 

"  "            San  Telmo  by  land 100  " 

"  "            Valle  Trinidad  via  Real  del  Castillo 110  " 

"  "            Santa  Catarina   "              "                100  " 

"  San  Quintin  to  Socorro  via  Santo  Domingo 75  " 

"                    "          "    San  Telmo 95  '< 

"  "                 Valledares  via       "        85  " 

"  "                          "            "    Santo  Domingo 65  " 

"  San  Diego  to  Real  del  Castillo  overland 100  " 

"  "              Ensenada  overland 110  " 

There  is  plenty  of  water  and  feed  for  animals  everywhere  on  the 
road.  The  longest  stretch  of  road  without  water  is  from  Keal  del 
Castillo  to  Sangre  de  Cristo^  fifteen  miles,  and  from  San  Quintin  to 
Santo  Domingo,  twenty-seven  miles.  Three  miles  north  of  San  Quin- 
tin there  is  water,  but  no  wood. 

Provisions  can  be  obtained  at  Ensenada,  Keal  del  CastiUo,  and 
probably  soon  at  San  Quintin.  Flour  is  worth  $3.50  f)er  sack  of  48 
lbs.;  bacon,  ham,  and  lard,  40  cents  per  lb.;  beef,  fresh,  12|^  cents,  dry 
jerked,  25  cents ;  coffee  40  cents,  sugar  20  cents,  tea  $2  per  lb.;  bak- 
ing-powder 62|^  cents  per  lb.;  potatoes  3  cents,  onions  6  cents,  beans 
5  cents  per  lb.,  and  everything  else  in  proportion. 

Mules  are  worth  $70  to  $75  each,  burros  $15  to  $16  each,  very 


12Q  APPENDIX   C. 

scarce  —  in  fact,  hardly  to  be  had.     Horses  can  be  bought  for  from 
$40  to  $60  each.     These  are  the  small  native  horses. 

Teams  with  wagons  can  go  to  the  Real  del  Castillo,  Juarez,  Campo 
Nacional,  Santa  Catarina,  and  to  San  Jose,  above  San  Telmo;  also 
within  ten  miles  of  Socorro  and  fifteen  miles  of  Yalledares,  but  cannot 
reach  either  JacaUtos,  Socorro,  Yalledares,  Rosarito,  or  Agua  Dulce. 
Parties  going  to  the  mines  should  come  provided  with  means  to  re- 
main for  not  less  than  six  months,  funds  sufficient  for  tools,  provisions, 
animals,  and  for  a  complete  outfit,  so  as  not  to  be  left  in  a  new  coun- 
try without  friends  or  cash — stranded  on  an  unknown  shore. 


APPENDIX  D. 

THE  MEXICAN  TARIFF. 

The  following  articles  are  admitted  duty  free : 

Acids,  sulphuric,  chloridic,  and  phenic. 

Anchors,  with  or  without  their  iron  chains,  for  vessels. 

Animals,  alive,  of  all  classes,  except  geldings. 

Apparatus  for  extinguishing  fires  with  six  charges. 

Arsenic,  white. 

Asbestos  in  powder. 

Bags,  made,  ordinary,  of  jute,  pita  (thread  made  of  the  agave),  henequen, 
and  other  analogous  fibres  for  exporting  fruits. 

Barrels  and  pipes  (casks)  of  wood,  set  up  or  knocked  down. 

Bars  of  steel,  cylindrical  or  eight-sided,  for  mines. 

Books  and  music,  printed,  in  paper  covers. 

Boxes  of  common  wood,  set  up  or  knocked  down. 

Bricks. 

Cable  or  rope  of  aloe  or  hemp  measuring  up  to  three  centimetres  in  diame- 
ter, or  94.2  millimetres  in  circumference. 

Cable  of  iron  or  steel  wire  of  all  sizes. 

Chlorate,  bisulphate,  sulphate,  and  trisulphate  of  lime. 

Clay,  sand,  and  blotting-sand. 

Clocks  for  towers  and  public  edifices. 

Coaches  and  cars  for  railways  of  all  systems. 

Coal  of  all  classes. 

Cork  in  bulk  or  in  sheets. 

Crucibles  of  all  materials  and  sizes. 

Earth,  refractory. 

Eggs. 

Emery  in  powder  or  in  grain. 

Feed,  dry,  in  straw. 


128  APPENDIX  D. 

Fish,  fresh. 

Glycerine,  not  perfumed. 

Gold,  silver,  and  platina,  in  bullion  or  in  dust. 

IIoops  of  iron,  with  their  rivets,  for  binding  packages. 

Hops. 

Houses,  complete,  of  wood  and  iron. 

Hyposulphate  of  soda. 

Iron  and  steel  made  into  rails  for  railways. 

Knives,  ordinary  cutlasses  without  sheaths  (machetes),  scythes,  sickles,  rakes, 
shovels,  pickaxes,  spades,  hoes,  and  mattocks  of  iron  or  steel  for  agriculture. 

Letters,  plates,  spaces,  vignettes,  type,  and  other  tools  for  printing  and  litho- 
graphing. 

Lime,  common,  hydraulic,  and  Roman  cement. 

Machines  and  apparatus  of  all  classes,  not  specified,  for  industries,  agricult- 
ure, mining,  arts,  and  sciences,  and  their  separate  parts  or  pieces  for  repairs  when 
imported  with  the  machinery,  or  separately,  and  that  are  not  comprehended  in 
note  24  of  section  2. 

Masts  for  large  or  small  vessels. 

Mineral  stone  (ore  and  native  metal). 

Money,  legal,  of  gold  or  silver,  of  all  countries. 

Oars  for  vessels. 

Periodicals  and  catalogues,  printed. 

Plants  and  seeds  for  horticulture. 

Ploughs  and  their  shares. 

Poison  for  preparing  skins. 

Pumice-stone. 

Powder-wicking,  fuses,  and  explosive  mixtures  for  mines. 

Precious  stones. 

Quicksilver. 

Kags,  pieces  of  paper,  and  pulps  of  all  classes  for  the  fabrication  of  paper. 

Saltpetre,  whether  nitrate  of  potassa  or  of  soda. 

Slate  for  roofs  from  two  to  three  millimetres  in  thickness. 

Soda,  caustic. 

Steam-engines  of  all  classes,  locomotives,  and  other  implements  for  the  con- 
struction of  railways  of  all  systems. 

Sulphate  of  ammonia. 

Sulphate  of  copper. 

Tiles  of  clay,  all  classes. 

Timber  (lumber). 

Tin  in  sheets  up  to  forty  centimetres  in  length  by  thirty  in  breadth,  when 
not  stamped  or  painted. 


APPENDIX  D.  129 

Tubing  of  iron  or  lead  of  all  dimensions. 

Vaccine  matter. 

Vessels  of  all  classes,  on  their  naturalization,  sale,  or  introduction. 

Whiting,  Spanish. 

Wire,  copper,  insulated  with  any  material  whatever,  for  electric  lights,  pro- 
vided that  the  diameter  of  the  wire  itself  be  up  to  No.  6,  Birmingham  measure, 
and  that  its  destination  be  proven  by  the  interested  parties. 

Wire,  iron,  with  hooks,  for  binding  packages. 

Wire,  iron,  barbed,  for  fencing,  and  the  fasteners,  provided  they  are  imported 
with  the  same  wire. 

Wire  for  telegraphs  and  telephones,  the  destination  of  which  shall  be  proven 
on  importation  by  the  interested  parties. 

Wood. 

Besides  the  above,  the  following  articles  are  allowed  to  enter  duty 
free  to  colonists  for  their  own  consumption,  but  of  course  not  for 
sale  or  traffic. 

Coffee,  Butter,                       Yeast  powder.  Cheese, 
Sugar,  Carpets,                     Dried  fruit.  Potatoes, 
Rice,  Wagons,                    Condiments,  Harness, 
Ham,  Common  furniture,  Cooking  utensils,  Doors,  windows. 
Bacon,  Animals,                    Coal  oil,  nails,  paint,  hard- 
Flour,  Lard,                          Household  goods,  ware  for  building. 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  the  colonists  in  the  Peninsula  may  bring 
in,  either  under  the  general  free  Ust  or  under  the  special  colonial  list, 
all  that  they  need  to  establish  themselves  and  to  maintain  themselves 
until  they  are  well  settled :  houses,  furniture,  tools  and  implements, 
provisions,  animals,  wood  for  fencing  and  other  purposes — in  fact, 
whatever  a  farmer  or  settler  would  need  in  a  new  country,  but  no 
luxuries,  such  as  pianos. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  duties  on  many  articles  imported  into  Mex- 
ico are  high ;  and  this  has  been  already  found  an  advantage  to  persons 
estabhshing  themselves  in  manufactures  in  Lower  California,  as  the 
whole  market  of  the  Mexican  Repubhc  is  open  to  them  for  the  sale  of 
their  manufactures,  with  a  heavy  tariff  against  foreign  goods  of  hke 


130  APPENDIX  D. 

character ;  and  regular  lines  of  steamers  now  connect  Peninsular  ports 
with  the  ports  of  continental  Mexico. 

Thus,  under  the  Mexican  tariff,  flour,  dried  and  preserved  fruits, 
cheese,  butter,  pork  and  other  meats,  furniture  and  other  manufact- 
ures of  wood,  carriages  and  wagons,  harness,  saddlery,  shoes  and 
other  manufactures  of  leather,  and  many  other  articles  of  general 
consumption,  pay  high  duties  when  imported. 


THE  END. 


CHARLES  NORDHOFF'S  WORKS. 


PENINSULAR  CALIFOENIA. 

Peninsular  California :  Some  Account  of  the  Climate,  Soil, 
Productions,  and  Present  Condition  chiefly  of  the  Northern 
Half  of  Lower  California.  By  Chakles  Noedhoff.  "With 
Illustrations  and  Maps.    8vo,  Cloth,  $1  00  ;  Paper,  75  cents. 

COMMUNISTIC  SOCIETIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  Communistic  Societies  of  the  United  States,  from  Per- 
sonal Yisit  and  Observation;  including  Detailed  Accounts 
of  the  Economists,  Zoarites,  Shakers,  the  Aihana,  Oneida, 
Bethel,  Aurora,  Icarian,  and  other  existing  Societies ;  their 
Eeligious  Creeds,  Social  Practices,  N'umbers,  Industries,  and 
Present  Condition.  By  Charles  Nokdhoff.  Illustrated. 
8vo,  Cloth,  $4  00. 

Mr.  Nordhoff  has  derived  his  materials  from  personal  observation,  having 
visited  the  principal  communistic  societies  in  the  United  States,  and  taken 
diligent  note  of  the  peculiar  features  of  their  religious  creed  and  practices, 
their  social  and  domestic  customs,  and  their  industrial  and  financial  arrange- 
ments. ...  In  pursuing  his  researches,  Mr.  Nordhoflf  was  obliged  to  take  ex- 
tensive journeys,  travelling  from  Maine  to  Kentucky  and  Oregon.  With  his 
exceptionally  keen  powers  of  perception,  and  his  habits  of  practised  obser- 
vation, he  could  not  engage  in  such  an  inquiry  without  amassing  a  fund  of 
curious  information,  and  with  regard  to  facts  which  have  never  been  fully 
disclosed  to  the  comprehension  of  the  public.  In  stating  the  results  of  his 
investigations,  he  writes  with  exemplary  candor  and  impartiality,  though 
not  without  the  exercise  of  just  and  sound  discrimination.  He  views  the 
subject  in  its  practical  bearings,  free  from  a  cavilling  and  censorious  spirit, 
and  equally  free  from  the  poetical  enthusiasm  which  would  clothe  a  novel 
experiment  with  the  coloring  of  romance. — W.  Y.  Tribune. 

CAPE  COD  AND  ALL  ALONQ  SHOEE. 

Cape  Cod  and  All  Along  Shore:  Stories.  By  Charles 
NoRDHOFF.  4to,  Paper  {Franklin  Square  Library\  15 
cents. 

As  a  story-teller,  Mr.  Nordhoflf  has  many  points  of  unusual  excellence. 
His  style  is  terse  and  lucid,  his  characters  are  life-like,  and  drawn  with 
strength  and  precision  of  touch,  and  his  narrative  moves  on  swiftly  and  with 
dramatic  force. — Independent,  N.  Y. 

Mr.  Nordhoflf  has  the  faculty  of  portraying  the  idiosyncrasies  of  human 
nature  in  a  most  skilful  manner,  and,  at'^the  same  time,  of  mingling  with 
his  stories  much  of  the  philosophy  of  human  \\i&.— Albany  Journal. 

Have  charmed  many  readers.— iV.  Y.  Commercial  Advertiser. 

Light,  clever,  well-written  sketches. — N.  Y.  Times. 

A  lively  and  agreeable  volume,  full  of  humor  and  incident. —i?(?sf(?7i 
Transcrii-)t. 


Charles  Nordhoff''s  Works. 


POLITICS  rOR  YOUNG  AMERICANS. 

Politics  for  Young  Americans.      By  Ciiakles  Kojrdhoff. 
16 mo,  Cloth,  Half  Leather,  75  cents ;  Paper,  40  cents. 

It  would  be  difficult  to  find,  indeed,  a  safer  guide  for  a  young  man  getting 
ready  to  "cast  his  first  ballot." — Nation,  N.  Y. 

A  short  and  very  clear  account  of  the  reason  of  governments,  the  things 
■which  government  can  and  ought  to  do,  and  the  things  which  it  cannot  do 
and  ought  not  to  attempt,  and  the  principles  which  ought  to  prevail  in  its 
treatment,  by  legislation  or  administration,  of  the  things  which  properly 
come  within  its  province.  It  is  thus  a  treatise  of  political  ethics  and  of 
political  economy,  and  an  excellent  one. — N.  T.  World. 

It  is  a  book  that  should  be  in  the  hand  of  every  American  boy  and  girl. 
...  It  is  a  complete  system  of  political  science,  economical  and  other,  as  ap- 
plied to  our  American  system. — N.  Y.  Herald. 

In  the  following  pages  I  have  attempted  to  explain,  in  simple  language, 
and  by  familiar  illustrations  fitted  for  the  comprehension  of  boys  and  girls, 
the  meaning  and  limits  of  liberty,  law,  government,  and  human  rights,  and 
thus  to  make  intelligible  to  them  the  political  principles  on  which  our  sys- 
tem of  government  in  the  United  States  is  founded.  The  book  grew  out  of 
an  attempt,  in  a  few  letters,  to  instruct  my  oldest  son  in  the  political  knowl- 
edge which  every  American  boy  ought  to  possess  to  fit  him  for  the  duties  of 
citizenship.  I  found  my  subject  much  larger  than  I  at  first  imagined,  but 
interest  in  the  attempt  led  me  on,  and  what  was  begun  originally  for  one 
boy  is  here  printed  for  the  use  of  others. — Extract  from  Preface. 

GOD  AND  THE  FUTURE  LIFE. 

God  and  the  Future  Life.     The  Eeasonableness  of  Christi- 
anity.    By  Chaeles  Kokdhoff.     16mo,  Cloth,  $1  00. 

Mr.  Nordhoff's  object  is  not  so  much  to  present  a  religious  system  as  to 
give  practical  and  sufficient  reasons  for  every-day  beliefs.  He  writes  strong- 
ly, clearly,  and  in  the  vein  that  the  people  understand. — Boston  Herald. 

Thoughtful,  profound,  and  lucid.  .  .  .  Simple  in  its  form,  and  written  so 
as  to  be  understood  by  children,  the  volume  is  one  of  the  most  powerful 
arguments  against  doubt  and  infidelity  that  has  lately  appeared.  It  is  this 
partly  because  of  its  point  of  view,  which  is  that  of  a  man  who  looks  at  life 
practically  and  reasons  with  the  utmost  candor  and  fairness.  The  author's 
clear  mind  and  positive  convictions  are  perfectly  imaged  in  his  direct  and 
forcible  style. — Hartford  (Jour ant. 

The  value  of  the  book  lies  in  its  power  of  statement.  It  deals  with  the 
ideas  of  modern  thinkers  after  a  simple  but  trenchant  stj'le,  and  presents  in 
forcible  and  direct  language  the  reasonings  which  have  most  weight  with 
ordinary  men  and  women. — Boston  Advertiser. 

A  plain,  straightforward,  earnest  appeal  to  the  honest  sense  of  thinking 
people.  ...  It  inculcates  the  value  and  honor  of  work,  and  the  need  and  power 
of  honesty  in  all  things,  and  is  really  sound  to  the  core. — Philadelphia  Times. 


Published  by  HARPER  &  BROTHERS,  New  York. 

Haeper  &  Brothers  will  send  any  of  the  above  works  by  mail,  postage  prepaid^ 
to  any  part  of  the  United  States  or  Canada,  on  receipt  of  the  price. 


VALUABLE  WORKS 

OP 

EXPLORATION^  AND  ADVENTURE. 


Charnay's  Ancient  Cities  of  the  New  "World. 

The  Ancient  Cities  of  the  New  World :  being  Voyages  and  Explorations  in  Mex- 
ico and  Central  America,  from  1857  to  1882.  By  Desire  Charnat.  Translated 
from  the  French  by  J.  Gonino  and  Helen  S.  Conant.  Introduction  by  Allen 
Thorndike  Rice.  209  Illustrations  and  a  Map.  Royal  Svo,  Ornamental  Cloth, 
Uncut  Edges,  Gilt  Top,  $6  00. 

Squier's  Nicaragua. 

Nicaragua :  its  People,  Scenery,  Monuments,  Resources,  Condition,  and  Proposed 
Canal.  With  One  Hundred  Maps  and  Illustrations.  By  E.  G.  Sqdier,  M.A., 
F.S.A.     Svo,  Cloth,  $4  00. 

Squier's  Peru. 

Peru :  Incidents  of  Travel  and  Exploration  in  the  Land  of  the  Incas.  By  E.  G. 
Squier,  M.A.,  F.S.A.     Illustrated.     Svo,  Cloth,  $5  00. 

Cesnola's  Cyprus. 

Cyprus :  Its  Ancient  Cities,  Tombs,  and  Temples.  A  Narrative  of  Researches 
and  Excavations  during  Ten  Years'  Residence  in  that  Island.  By  General  Louis 
Palma  di  Cesnola,  Member  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences,  Turin ;  Hon. 
Member  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature,  London,  &c.  With  Maps  and  Illus- 
trations.    Svo,  Cloth,  Gilt  Tops  and  Uncut  Edges,  $7  50 ;  Half  Calf,  $10  00. 

Bishop's  Old  Mexico  and  Her  Lost  Provinces, 

A  Journey  in  Mexico,  Southern  California,  and  Arizona,  by  Way  of  Cuba.  By 
William  Henry  Bishop.  With  numerous  Illustrations,  chiefly  from  Sketches  by 
the  Author.     12mo,  Cloth,  $2  00. 

"Wallace's  Malay  Archipelago. 

The  Malay  Archipelago:  the  Land  of  the  Orang-Utan  and  the  Bird  of  Paradise. 
A  Narrative  of  Travel,  1854-62.  With  Studies  of  Man  and  Nature.  By  Alfred 
RcssEL  Wallace.  With  Maps  and  numerous  Illustrations.  New  Edition. 
Crown  Svo,  Cloth,  $2  50. 

"Wallace's  Island  Life. 

Island  Life ;  or.  The  Phenomena  of  Insular  Faunas  and  Floras,  with  their  Causes. 
Including  an  entire  Revision  of  the  Problem  of  Geological  Climates.  By  Alfred 
RussEL  Wallace.     With  Illustrations  and  Maps.     Svo,  Cloth,  $4  00. 

"Wallace's  Geographical  Distribution  of  Animals. 

The  Geographical  Distribution  of  Animals.  With  a  Study  of  the  Relations  of 
Living  and  Extinct  Faunas,  as  elucidating  the  Past  Changes  of  the  Earth's  Sur- 
face. By  Alfred  Rcssel  Wallace.  With  Colored  Maps  and  numerous  Illus- 
trations by  Zwecker.     2  vols.,  Svo,  Cloth,  $10  00. 


2  Valuable  Works  of  Exploration  and  Adventure. 

Stanley's  Congo,  and  the  Founding  of  its  Free  State. 

A  Story  of  Work  and  Exploration.  By  Henry  M.  Stanley.  Dedicated  by  Spe- 
cial Permission  to  H.  M.  the  King  of  the  Belgians.  In  2  vols.,  8vo,  Cloth,  with 
over  One  Hundred  full-page  and  smaller  Illustrations,  two  large  Maps,  and  sev- 
eral  smaller  ones.     Cloth,  $10  00 ;  Half  Morocco,  $15  00. 

Stanley's  Through  the  Dark  Continent. 

Through  the  Dark  Continent ;  or.  The  Sources  of  the  Nile,  Around  the  Great 
Lakes  of  Equatorial  Africa,  and  Down  the  Livingstone  River  to  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  By  Henry  M.  Stanley.  With  149  Illustrations  and  10  Maps.  2  vols., 
8vo,  Cloth,  $10  00;  Sheep,  $12  00;  Half  Morocco,  $15  00. 

Stanley's  Coomassie  and  Magdala. 

Coomassie  and  Magdala:  a  Story  of  Two  British  Campaigns  in  Africa.  By 
Henry  M.  Stanley.     With  Maps  and  Illustrations.     8vo,  Cloth,  $3  50. 

Cameron's  Across  Africa. 

Across  Africa.  By  Yerney  Lovett  Cameron,  C.B.,  D.C.L.,  Commander  Royal 
Navy,  Gold  Medalist  Royal  Geographical  Society,  &c.  With  a  Map  and  numerous 
Illustrations.     8vo,  Cloth,  $5  00. 

Livingstone's  Last  Journals. 

The  Last  Journals  of  David  Livingstone,  in  Central  Africa,  from  1865  to  his 
Death.  Continued  by  a  Narrative  of  his  Last  Moments  and  Sufferings,  obtained 
from  his  Faithful  Servants  Chuma  and  Susi.  By  Horace  Waller,  F.R.G.S. 
With  Maps  and  Illustrations.  8vo,  Cloth,  $5  00 ;  Sheep,  $6  00 ;  Half  Calf,  $7  26. 
Popular  Edition,  Svo,  Cloth,  $2  50. 

Livingstone's  Expedition  to  the  Zambesi. 

Narrative  of  an  Expedition  to  the  Zambesi  and  its  Tributaries ;  and  of  the  Dis- 
covery of  the  Lakes  Shirwa  and  Nyassa.  1858-1864.  By  David  and  Charles 
Livingstone.     With  Map  and  Illustrations.     8vo,  Cloth,  $5  00 ;  Sheep,  $5  50. 

Long's  Central  Africa. 

Central  Africa :  Naked  Truths  of  Naked  People.  An  Account  of  Expeditions  to 
the  Lake  Victoria  Nyanza  and  the  Makraka  Niam-Niam,  West  of  the  Bahr-El- 
Abiad  (White  Nile).  By  Col.  C.  Chaillk  Long,  of  the  Egyptian  Staff.  Illustrated 
from  Col.  Long's  own  Sketches.     With  Map.     8vo,  Cloth,  $2  50. 

Du  Chaillu's  Ashango-Land. 

A  Journey  to  Ashango-Land,  and  Further  Penetration  into  Equatorial  Africa. 
By  Paul  B.  Du  Chaillu.     Illustrated.     8vo,  Cloth,  $5  00. 

Du  Chaillu's  Land  of  the  Midnight  Sun. 

The  Land  of  the  Midnight  Sun.  Summer  and  Winter  Journeys  through  Sweden, 
Norway,  Lapland,  and  Northern  Finland.  By  Paul  B.  Du  Chaillu.  With  Map 
and  235  Illustrations.     In  Two  Volumes.     8vo,  Cloth,  $7  50;  Half  Calf,  $12  00. 

Thomson's  Voyage  of  the  "  Challenger." 

The  Voyage  of  the  "Challenger."  77ie  Atlantic:  An  Account  of  the  General 
Results  of  the  Voyage  during  the  Tear  1873  and  the  Early  Part  of  the  Year 
1876.  By  Sir  C.  Wyville  Thomson,  F.R.S.  With  a  Portrait  of  the  Author, 
many  Colored  Maps,  and  Illustrations.     2  vols.,  8vo,  Cloth,  $12  00. 


Valuable   Works  of  Exploration  and  Adventure.  ^ 

Thomson's  Southern  Palestine  and  Jerusalem. 

The  Land  and  the  Book :  Southern  Palestine  and  Jerusalem.  By  William  M. 
Thomson,  D.D.,  Forty-five  Years  a  Missionary  in  Syria  and  Palestine.  140  Illus- 
trations and  Maps.  Square  8vo,  Cloth,  $6  00 ;  Sheep,  $7  00 ;  Half  Morocco, 
$8  50;  Full  Morocco,  Gilt  Edges,  $10  00. 

Thomson's  Central  Palestine  and  Phoenicia. 

The  Land  and  the  Book :  Central  Palestine  and  Phoenicia.  By  William  M. 
Thomson,  D.D.  130  Illustrations  and  Maps.  Square  8vo,  Cloth,  $6  00;  Sheep, 
$7  00;  Half  Morocco,  $8  50  ;  Full  Morocco,  Gilt  Edges,  $10  00. 

Thomson's  Lebanon,  Damascus,  and  Beyond  Jordan. 

The  Land  and  the  Book :  Lebanon,  Damascus,  and  Beyond  Jordan.  By  Will- 
iam M.  Thomson,  D.D.  14*7  Illustrations  and  Maps.  Square  8vo,  Cloth,  $6  00  ; 
Sheep,  %1  00 ;  Half  Morocco,  $8  50 ;  Full  Morocco,  Gilt  Edges,  $10  00. 

The  Land  and  the  Book. 

Comprising  the  above  works,  viz..  Southern  Palestine  and  Jerusalem ;  Central 
Palestine  and  Phoenicia ;  and  Lebanon,  Damascus,  and  Beyond  Jordan,  in  3  vols., 
Popular  Edition,  Square  8vo,  Cloth,  $9  00.     {Sold  in  Sets  only.) 

Reade's  Savage  Africa. 

Savage  Africa :  being  the  Narrative  of  a  Tour  in  Equatorial,  South-western,  and 
North-western  Africa ;  with  Notes  on  the  Habits  of  the  Gorilla ;  on  the  Exist- 
ence of  Unicorns  and  Tailed  Men ;  on  the  Slave-trade ;  on  the  Origin,  Character, 
and  Capabilities  of  the  Negro,  and  on  the  Future  Civilization  of  Western  Africa. 
By  W.  WiNwooD  Reade.  With  Illustrations  and  a  Map.  8vo,  Cloth,  $4  00 ; 
Sheep,  $4  50 ;  Half  Calf,  $6  25. 

Schweinfurth's  Heart  of  Africa. 

The  Heart  of  Africa ;  or,  Three  Years'  Travels  and  Adventures  in  the  Unex- 
plored Regions  of  the  Centre  of  Africa.  From  1868  to  1871.  By  Dr.  Georg 
ScHWEiNFDRTH.  Translated  by  Ellen  E.  Frewer.  With  an  Introduction  by  Win- 
wood  Reade.  Illustrated  by  about  130  Wood-cuts  from  Drawings  made  by  the 
Author,  and  with  Two  Maps.     2  vols.,  8vo,  Cloth,  $8  00. 

Speke's  Africa. 

Journal  of  the  Discovery  of  the  Source  of  the  Nile.  By  John  Banning  Speke, 
Captain  H.  M.  Indian  Army,  Fellow  and  Gold  Medalist  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society,  Hon.  Corresponding  Member  and  Gold  Medalist  of  the  French  Geograph- 
ical Society,  &c.  With  Maps  and  Portraits  and  numerous  Illustrations,  chiefly 
from  Drawings  by  Captain  Grant.     8vo,  Cloth,  $4  00 ;  Sheep,  $4  50. 

Baker's  Ismailia. 

Ismaili'a :  a  Narrative  of  the  Expedition  to  Central  Africa  for  the  Suppression  of 
the  Slave-trade,  organized  by  Ismail,  Khedive  op  Egtpt.  By  Sir  Samuel  White 
Baker,  Pasha,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.R.G.S.,  Major-general  of  the  Ottoman  Empire,  late 
Governor-general  of  the  Equatorial  Nile  Basin,  &c.,  &c.  With  Maps,  Portraits, 
and  upwards  of  fifty  full-page  Illustrations  by  Zwecker  and  Durand.  8vo,  Cloth, 
$5  00 ;  Half  Calf,  %1  25. 


4  Valuable  Works  of  Exploration  and  Adventure. 

Schliemanii's  Ilios, 

Ilios,  the  City  and  Country  of  the  Trojans.  The  Results  of  Researches  and  Dis- 
coveries on  the  Site  of  Troy  and  throughout  the  Troad  in  the  years  1871-'72- 
'73-'78-'79 ;  including  an  Autobiography  of  the  Author.  By  Dr.  Henry  Schlie- 
MANN,  F.S.A.,  F.R.I.  British  Architects;  Author  of  "Troy  and  its  Remains," 
"  Mycenpe,"  &c.  With  a  Preface,  Appendices,  and  Notes  by  Professors  Rudolf  Vir- 
chow,  Max  Miiller,  A.  H.  Sayce,  J.  P.  Mahaffy,  H.  Brugsch-Bey,  P.  Ascherson,  M. 
A.  Postolaccas,  M.  E.  Burnouf,  Mr.  F.  Calvert,  and  Mr.  A.  J.  DufEeld.  With  Maps, 
Plans,  and  about  1800  Illustrations.  Imperial  8vo,  Cloth,  $12  00 ;  Half  Morocco, 
$15  00. 

Schliemann's  Troja. 

Troja.  Results  of  the  Latest  Researches  and  Discoveries  on  the  Site  of  Homer's 
Troy,  and  in  the  Heroic  Tumuli  and  other  Sites,  made  in  the  year  1882,  and  a 
Narrative  of  a  Journey  in  the  Troad  in  1881.  By  Dr.  Henry  Schliemann,  Author 
of  "Ilios,"  &c.  Preface  by  Professor  A.  H.  Sayce.  With  150  Wood-cuts  and  4 
Maps  and  Plans.     8vo,  Cloth,  $7  50 ;  Half  Morocco,  $10  00. 

Thomson's  Malacca,  Indo-China,  and  China. 

The  Straits  of  Malacca,  Indo-China,  and  China ;  or,  Ten  Years'  Travels,  Advent- 
ures, and  Residence  Abroad.  By  J.  Thomson.  With  over  Sixty  Illustrations. 
8vo,  Cloth,  $4  00. 

Spry's  Cruise  of  the  "  Challenger." 

The  Cruise  of  Her  Majesty's  Ship  "  Challenger."  Voyages  over  many  Seas, 
Scenes  in  many  Lands.  By  W.  J.  J.  Spry,  R.N.  With  Maps  and  Illustrations. 
Crown  8vo,  Cloth,  $2  00. 

Prime's  Boat-Life  in  Egypt  and  Nubia. 

Boat-Life  in  Egypt  and  Nubia.  By  William  C.  Prime.  Illustrated.  12mo, 
Cloth,  $2  00. 

Vambery's  Central  Asia. 

Travels  in  Central  Asia :  being  the  Account  of  a  Journey  from  Teheran  across 
the  Turkoman  Desert,  on  the  Eastern  Shore  of  the  Caspian,  to  Khiva,  Bokhara, 
and  Samarcand,  performed  in  the  year  1863.  By  Arminius  Vambery,  Member 
of  the  Hungarian  Academy  of  Pesth,  by  whom  he  was  sent  on  this  Scientific  Mis- 
sion.    With  Map  and  Wood-cuts.     8vo,  Cloth,  $4  50 ;  Half  Calf,  $6  15. 

MacGahan's  Campaigning  on  the  Oxus. 

Campaigning  on  the  Oxus  and  the  Fall  of  Khiva.  By  J.  A.  MacGahan.  With 
Map  and  Illustrations.     8vo,  Cloth,  $3  50. 

Forbes's  Wanderings  in  the  Eastern  Archipelago, 

A  Naturalist's  Wanderings  in  the  Eastern  Archipelago.  A  Narrative  of  Travel 
and  Exploration  from  1878  to  1883.  By  Henry  0.  Forbes,  F.R.G.S.,  &c.  With 
many  Illustrations  and  Colored  Maps.     8vo,  Ornamental  Cloth,  $5  00. 


Published  by  HARPER  &  BROTHERS,  New  Yoke. 

Hatipeb  &  Brothees  will  eend  any  of  the  above  works  by  mail,  postage  prepaid,  to  any 
part  of  the  United  States  or  Canada,  on  receipt  of  the  price. 


I  I  IL.     I.IUI\y>M\ 


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UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
Santa  Barbara 


STACK  COLLECTION 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW. 


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